A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic - HAL-SHS - Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société Accéder directement au contenu
Article Dans Une Revue Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Année : 2022

A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic

Nicole Legate (1) , Thuy-Vy Nguyen (2) , Netta Weinstein (3) , Arlen Moller (1) , Lisa Legault (4) , Zahir Vally (5, 6) , Zuzanna Tajchman (7) , Andras N. Zsido (8) , Miha Zrimsek (9) , Zhang Chen (10) , Ignazio Ziano (11) , Zoi Gialitaki (12) , Chris D. Ceary (13) , Yuna Jang (12) , Yijun Lin (14) , Yoshihiko Kunisato (15) , Yuki Yamada (16) , Qinyu Xiao (17) , Xiaoming Jiang (18) , Xinkai Du (19) , Elvin Yao (20) , William S. Ryan (21) , John Paul Wilson (22) , Wilson Cyrus-Lai (23) , William Jimenez-Leal (24) , Wilbert Law (25) , Wenceslao Unanue (26) , W. Matthew Collins (27) , Karley L. Richard (13) , Marek Vranka (28) , Vladislav Ankushev (29) , Vidar Schei (30) , Veronika Lerche (31) , Vanja Kovic (32) , Valerija Križanić (33) , Veselina Hristova Kadreva (34) , Vera Cubela Adoric (35) , Ulrich S. Tran (36) , Siu Kit Yeung (17) , Widad Hassan (37) , Ralph Houston (12) , Michael A. Machin (38) , Tiago J. S. Lima (39) , Thomas Ostermann (40) , Thomas Frizzo (41) , Therese Sverdrup (30) , Thea House (42, 43) , Tripat Gill (44) , Maksim Fedotov (45) , Tamar Paltrow (12) , Teodor Jernsäther (46) , Tasnim Rahman (47) , Tanya Machin (38) , Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm (46) , Thomas J. Hostler (48) , Tatsunori Ishii (49) , Barnabas Szaszi (50) , Sylwia Adamus (51) , Lilian Suter (52) , Suparpit M. von Bormann (53) , Sumaiya Habib (47) , Anna Studzinska (54) , Dragana Stojanovska (55) , Steve M. J. Janssen (56) , Stefan Stieger (57) , Stefan E. Schulenberg (58) , Srinivasan Tatachari (59) , Soufian Azouaghe (60, 61) , Piotr Sorokowski (62) , Agnieszka Sorokowska (62) , Xin Song (7) , Sofie Morbée (63) , Savannah Lewis (12) , Sladjana Sinkolova (55) , Dmitry Grigoryev (29) , Shira Meir Drexler (64) , Shimrit Daches (65) , Shelby L. Levine (66) , Shawn N. Geniole (67) , Shahunur Akter (47) , Selena Vračar (32) , Sébastien Massoni (41) , Sebastiano Costa (68) , Saša Zorjan (69) , Eylul Sarioguz (70) , Sara Morales Izquierdo (71) , Sarah Suzette Tshonda (12) , Sara G. Alves (72) , Sara Pöntinen (73) , Sara Álvarez Solas (74) , Santiago Ordoñez-Riaño (75) , Sanja Batić Očovaj (76) , Sandersan Onie (77) , Samuel Lins (72) , Theresa Biberauer (78, 79, 80) , Sami Çoksan (81) , Sakda Khumkom (53) , Asli Sacakli (12) , Susana Ruiz-Fernández (82, 83) , Sandra J. Geiger (84) , Saeideh Fatahmodares (85) , Radoslaw B. Walczak (86) , Ruben Betlehem (33) , Roosevelt Vilar (87) , Rodrigo A. Cárcamo (88) , Robert M. Ross (42) , Randy McCarthy (89) , Tonia Ballantyne (13) , Erin C. Westgate (14) , Richard M. Ryan (90) , Rafael Gargurevich (91) , Reza Afhami (92) , Dongning Ren (93) , Renan P. Monteiro (94) , Ulf-Dietrich Reips (95) , Niv Reggev (96) , Robert J. Calin-Jageman (97) , Razieh Pourafshari (98) , Raquel Oliveira (99, 100) , Mina Nedelcheva-Datsova (101) , Rima-Maria Rahal (102, 93) , Rafael R. Ribeiro (99) , Theda Radtke (103) , Rachel Searston (104) , Rachadaporn Jai-Ai (53) , Redeate Habte (105) , Przemysław Zdybek (106) , Sau-Chin Chen (12) , Piyaorn Wajanatinapart (53) , Princess Lovella G. Maturan (107) , Jennifer T. Perillo (13) , Peder Mortvedt Isager (108) , Pavol Kačmár (109) , Paulo Manuel Macapagal (110) , Michael R. Maniaci (111) , Paulina Szwed (51) , Paul H. P. Hanel (112) , Paul A. G. Forbes (113) , Patricia Arriaga (99) , Bastien Paris (114) , Neha Parashar (12) , Konstantinos Papachristopoulos (115, 116) , Pablo Sebastián Correa (117, 118) , Ondřej Kácha (119) , Márcia Bernardo (72) , Olatz Campos (120) , Olalla Niño Bravo (12) , Oscar J. Galindo-Caballero (24, 121) , Chisom Esther Ogbonnaya (122) , Olga Bialobrzeska (123) , Natalia Kiselnikova (124) , Nicolle Simonovic (125) , Noga Cohen (126) , Nora L. Nock (127) , Alejandrina Hernandez (128) , Cecilie Thogersen-Ntoumani (129) , Nikos Ntoumanis (129) , Niklas Johannes (130) , Nihan Albayrak-Aydemir (131) , Nicolas Say (132) , Andreas B. Neubauer (133) , Neil I. Martin (38) , Nathan Torunsky (7) , Natasha Van Antwerpen (104) , Natalia Van Doren (134) , Naoyuki Sunami (135) , Nikolay R. Rachev (101) , Nadyanna M. Majeed (136) , Nadya-Daniela Schmidt (137) , Khaoula Nadif (12) , Nadia S. Corral-Frías (138) , Nihal Ouherrou (139) , Nida Abbas (105) , Myrto Pantazi (130) , Marc Y. Lucas (138) , Martin R. Vasilev (140) , María Victoria Ortiz (117, 118) , Muhammad Mussaffa Butt (141) , Murathan Kurfalı (46) , Muhib Kabir (47) , Rafał Muda (142) , María del Carmen MC Tejada Rivera (143) , Miroslav Sirota (112) , Martin Seehuus (144, 145) , Michal Parzuchowski (123) , Mónica Toro (143) , Monika Hricova (109) , Mónica Alarcón Maldonado (12) , Panagiotis Rentzelas (146) , Maarten Vansteenkiste (63) , Molly A. Metz (21) , Magdalena Marszalek (123) , Maria Karekla (147) , Giovanna Mioni (148) , Minke Jasmijn Bosma (19) , Minja Westerlund (73) , Milica Vdovic (149) , Michal Bialek (62) , Miguel A. Silan (150) , Michele Anne (56) , Michal Misiak (62, 130) , Maria C. Gugliandolo (151) , Maurice Grinberg (34) , Mariagrazia Capizzi (152) , Mauricio F. Espinoza Barría (143) , Merve A. Kurfali (153) , Michael C. Mensink (154) , Mikayel Harutyunyan (28) , Meetu Khosla (155) , Megan R. Dunn (1) , Max Korbmacher (156, 157) , Matúš Adamkovič (158) , Matheus Fernando Felix Ribeiro (159) , Maria Terskova (29) , Matej Hruška (160) , Marcel Martončik (158) , Martin Voracek (36) , Martin Čadek (161) , Martha Frias-Armenta (138) , Marta Kowal (62) , Marta Topor (162) , Marta Roczniewska (123, 163) , Marlies Oosterlinck (12) , Markéta Braun Kohlová (28) , Mariola Paruzel-Czachura (164) , Marina Sabristov (12) , Marina Romanova (29) , Marietta Papadatou-Pastou (165) , Maria Louise Lund (166) , Maria Antoniadi (147) , Maria Elena Magrin (167) , Marc V. Jones (48) , Manyu Li (168) , Manuel S. Ortiz (169) , Mathi Manavalan (7) , Abdumalik Muminov (12) , Małgorzata Kossowska (51) , Maja Friedemann (130) , Magdalena Wielgus (51) , Madelon L.M. van Hooff (170) , Marco A. C. Varella (171) , Martyn Standage (172) , Matilde Nicolotti (173) , Melissa F. Colloff (174) , Maria Bradford (24) , Leigh Ann Vaughn (175) , Luis Eudave (176) , Luc Vieira (177) , Jackson G. Lu (178) , Lina Maria Sanabria Pineda (24) , Lennia Matos (91) , Laura Calderón Pérez (24) , Ljiljana B. Lazarevic (32) , Lisa M. Jaremka (135) , Eline Suzanne Smit (19) , Elizaveta Kushnir (12) , Lisa J. Ferguson (179) , Lisa Anton-Boicuk (36) , Gabriel Lins de Holanda Coelho (180) , Lina Ahlgren (73) , Francesca Liga (151) , Carmel A. Levitan (181) , Leticia Micheli (182) , Lesley-Ann Gunton (179) , Leonhard Volz (19) , Marija Stojanovska (12) , Leanne Boucher (27) , Lara Samojlenko (183) , Lady Grey Javela Delgado (184) , Lada Kaliska (185) , Labadi Beatrix (8) , Lara Warmelink (186) , Luis Miguel Rojas-Berscia (187, 91) , Karen Yu (188) , Keith Wylie (189) , Jakub Wachowicz (12) , Kermeka Desai (13) , Krystian Barzykowski (51) , Luca Kozma (8) , Kortnee Evans (190) , Komila Kirgizova (12) , Bamikole B. Emmanuel Agesin (191) , Monica A. Koehn (192) , Kelly Wolfe (193) , Tatiana Korobova (55) , Katherine Morris (194) , Kristoffer Klevjer (195) , Kevin van Schie (196, 78) , Kevin Vezirian (114) , Kaja Damnjanović (32) , Katrine Krabbe Thommesen (197) , Kathleen Schmidt (198) , Katarzyna Filip (51) , Karolina Staniaszek (12) , Karolina Grzech (199, 46) , Karlijn Hoyer (200) , Karis Moon (201) , Sirikon Khaobunmasiri (53) , Kafeel Rana (202) , Kristina Janjić (12) , Jordan W. Suchow (203) , Julita Kielińska (51) , Julio E. Cruz Vásquez (24) , Julien Chanal (204) , Julia Beitner (205) , Juan Camilo Vargas-Nieto (24) , Jose Carlos T. Roxas (150) , Jennifer Taber (125) , Joan Urriago-Rayo (12) , Jeffrey M. Pavlacic (58) , Jozef Benka (109) , Jozef Bavolar (109) , José A. Soto (134) , Jonas K. Olofsson (46) , Johannes K. Vilsmeier (36) , Johanna Messerschmidt (206) , Johanna Czamanski-Cohen (126) , Joachim Waterschoot (63) , Jennifer D. Moss (189) , Jordane Boudesseul (207) , Jeong Min Lee (208) , Julia Kamburidis (101) , Jennifer A. Joy-Gaba (209) , Janis Zickfeld (210) , Jacob F. Miranda (211) , Jeroen P. H. Verharen (212) , Evgeniya Hristova (34) , Julie E. Beshears (213) , Jasna Milosevic Djordjevic (149) , Jasmijn Bosch (173) , Jaroslava Varella Valentova (171) , Jan Antfolk (73) , Jana B. Berkessel (214) , Jana Schrötter (109) , Jan Urban (28) , Jan Philipp Röer (40) , James O. Norton (190) , Jaime R. Silva (143) , Jade S. Pickering (215) , Jáchym Vintr (28) , Jim Uttley (216) , Jonas R. Kunst (166) , Izuchukwu L. G. Ndukaihe (122) , Aishwarya Iyer (217) , Iris Vilares (7) , Aleksandr Ivanov (29) , Ivan Ropovik (28, 158) , Isabela Sula (12) , Irena Sarieva (29) , Irem Metin-Orta (218) , Irina Prusova (29) , Isabel Pinto (72) , Andreea Ioana Bozdoc (219) , Inês A. T. Almeida (220) , Ilse L. Pit (130) , Ilker Dalgar (221) , Ilya Zakharov (222) , Azuka Ikechukwu Arinze (122) , Keiko Ihaya (223) , Ian D. Stephen (224) , Biljana Gjoneska (225) , Hilmar Brohmer (226) , Heather Flowe (174) , Hendrik Godbersen (12) , Halil Emre Kocalar (227) , Mattie V. Hedgebeth (209) , Hu Chuan-Peng (228) , Mohammadhasan Sharifian (98) , Harry Manley (229) , Handan Akkas (230) , Nandor Hajdu (50) , Habiba Azab (231) , Gwenaël Kaminski (232) , Gustav Nilsonne (163, 46) , Gulnaz Anjum (233) , Giovanni A. Travaglino (234) , Gilad Feldman (17) , Gerit Pfuhl (195) , Gabriela Czarnek (51) , Gabriela Mariana Marcu (219, 235) , Gabriela Hofer (226) , Gabriel Banik (158) , Gabriel Agboola Adetula (191) , Gijsbert Bijlstra (170) , Frederick Verbruggen (63) , Franki Y. H. Kung (236) , Frank Martela (237) , Francesco Foroni (90) , Jacques Forest (238) , Gage Singer (13) , Fany Muchembled (239) , Flavio Azevedo (240) , Farnaz Mosannenzadeh (170) , Evelina Marinova (101) , Eva Štrukelj (241) , Zahra Etebari (242) , Emma L. Bradshaw (90) , Ernest Baskin (12) , Elkin Oswaldo Luis Garcia (176) , Erica Musser (243) , I.M.M. van Steenkiste (244) , El Rim Ahn (14) , Eleanor Quested (245) , Ekaterina Pronizius (36) , Emily A. Jackson (13) , Efisio Manunta (232) , Elena Agadullina (29) , Dušana Šakan (76) , Pinar Dursun (246) , Olivier Dujols (114) , Dmitrii Dubrov (29) , Megan Willis (90) , Murat Tümer (247) , Jennifer L. Beaudry (248) , Dora Popović (249) , Daniel Dunleavy (250) , Ikhlas Djamai (60) , Dino Krupić (33) , Dora Herrera (91) , Diego Vega (251) , Hongfei Du (252) , Débora Mola (117, 118) , Desislava Chakarova (34) , William E. Davis (253) , Dawn Liu Holford (112) , David M. G. Lewis (190) , David C. Vaidis (254) , Daphna Hausman Ozery (255) , Danilo Zambrano Ricaurte (256) , Daniel Storage (257) , Daniela Sousa (258) , Daniela Serrato Alvarez (256) , Daniel Boller (259) , Anna Dalla Rosa (148) , Daliborka Dimova (225) , Dajana Krupić (12) , Dafne Marko (9) , David Moreau (260) , Crystal Reeck (261) , Rita C. Correia (72) , Cassie M. Whitt (211) , Claus Lamm (36) , Claudio Singh Solorzano (241) , Claudia C. von Bastian (216) , Clare AM Sutherland (262, 263) , Clara Overkott (264) , Christopher L. Aberson (265) , Chunhui Wang (266) , Christopher P. Niemiec (267) , Christiana Karashiali (147) , Chris Noone (268) , Faith Chiu (112) , Chiara Picciocchi (269) , Charlotte Brownlow (38) , Cemre Karaarslan (270) , Nicola Cellini (148) , Celia Esteban-Serna (146) , Cecilia Reyna (117, 118) , Cecilia Ferreyra (91) , Carlota Batres (271) , Ranran Li (272) , Caterina Grano (241) , Joelle Carpentier (238) , Christian K. Tamnes (166) , Cynthia H.Y. Fu (37, 273) , Byurakn Ishkhanyan (210) , Lisa Bylinina (244) , Bastian Jaeger (272, 200) , Carsten Bundt (166) , Tara Bulut Allred (32) , Branko J. Vermote (63) , Ahmed Bokkour (60) , Natalia Bogatyreva (29) , Jiaxin Shi (17) , William J. Chopik (274) , Benedict Antazo (275) , Behzad Behzadnia (276) , Maja Becker (232) , Manal M. Bayyat (277) , Beatrice Cocco (12) , Wei-Lun Chou (12) , Vassilis Barkoukis (278) , Barbora Hubena (12) , Barbara Žuro (33) , Balazs Aczel (50) , Ekaterina Baklanova (279) , Hui Bai (280) , Busra Bahar Balci (281, 282) , Peter Babinčák (158) , Bart Soenens (63) , Barnaby James Wyld Dixson (283) , Aviv Mokady (96) , Heather Barry Kappes (131) , Mohammad Atari (284) , Anna Szala (285) , Anna Szabelska (286) , John Jamir Benzon Aruta (287) , Artur Domurat (288) , Nwadiogo Chisom Arinze (122) , Arianna Modena (289) , Arca Adiguzel (227) , Arash Monajem (98) , Kanza Ait El Arabi (60) , Asil Ali Özdoğru (290) , Alex O. Rothbaum (127) , Adriana Olaya Torres (143) , Andriana Theodoropoulou (112) , Anna Skowronek (12) , Anita Penić Jurković (55) , Anisha Singh (55) , Angelos P. Kassianos (291, 146) , Andrej Findor (160) , Andree Hartanto (55) , Anais Thibault Landry (115) , Ana Ferreira (258) , Anabela Caetano Santos (292) , Anabel de la Rosa-Gomez (128) , Amélie Gourdon-Kanhukamwe (201, 293, 294) , Alexandria M. Luxon (1) , Anna Louise Todsen (197) , Alper Karababa (227) , Allison Janak (295) , Alice Pilato (289) , Alexandre Bran (254) , Alexa M. Tullett (211) , Anna O. Kuzminska (296) , Anthony J. Krafnick (97) , Anum Urooj (297) , Ahmed Khaoudi (60) , Afroja Ahmed (298) , Agata Groyecka-Bernard (62, 299) , Adrian Dahl Askelund (300) , Adeyemi Adetula (61, 122) , Anabel Belaus (117, 118) , Abdelilah Ca Charyate (301) , Aaron L. Wichman (302) , Alina Stoyanova (101) , Anna Greenburgh (146, 146) , Andrew G. Thomas (303) , Alexios Arvanitis (304) , Patrick S Forscher (61) , Peter R. Mallik (12) , Nicholas A. Coles (305, 280) , Jeremy K. Miller (194) , Hannah Moshontz (306) , Heather L. Urry (307) , Hans Ijzerman (61) , Dana M. Basnight-Brown (308) , Charles Ebersole (309) , Christopher R Chartier (12) , Erin M. Buchanan (310) , Maximilian Primbs (170)
1 IIT - Illinois Institute of Technology
2 Durham University
3 UOR - University of Reading
4 Clarkson University
5 UAEU - United Arab Emirates University
6 MVL - Wolfson Medical Vision Laboratory
7 UMN - University of Minnesota [Twin Cities]
8 University of Pecs
9 University of Ljubljana
10 Department of Experimental Psychology
11 EESC-GEM Grenoble Ecole de Management
12 Chercheur indépendant
13 Indiana University of Pennsylvania
14 UF - University of Florida [Gainesville]
15 Senshu University
16 Kyushu University
17 HKU - The University of Hong Kong
18 Shanghai University
19 UvA - University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] = Universiteit van Amsterdam
20 Claremont Graduate University [Claremont, CA ]
21 University of Toronto
22 MSU - Montclair State University [USA]
23 INSEAD - Institut Européen d'administration des Affaires
24 UNIANDES - Universidad de los Andes [Bogota]
25 EdUHK - The Education University of Hong Kong
26 Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez [Santiago]
27 NSU - Nova Southeastern University
28 UK - Univerzita Karlova [Praha, Česká republika] = Charles University [Prague, Czech Republic]
29 HSE - Vysšaja škola èkonomiki = National Research University Higher School of Economics [Moscow]
30 Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration
31 Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University
32 University of Belgrade [Belgrade]
33 Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek
34 New Bulgarian University
35 University of Zadar
36 University of Vienna [Vienna]
37 UEL - University of East London
38 USQ - University of Southern Queensland
39 UnB - University of Brasilia [Brazil]
40 Universität Witten/Herdecke
41 BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée
42 Macquarie University [Sydney]
43 University of Bristol [Bristol]
44 WLU - Wilfrid Laurier University
45 RAS - Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow]
46 Stockholm University
47 University of Dhaka
48 MMU - Manchester Metropolitan University
49 Department of Science and Engineering [University of Waseda]
50 ELTE - Eötvös Loránd University
51 UJ - Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie = Jagiellonian University
52 ZHAW - Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften = Zurich University of Applied Sciences
53 SUT - Suranaree University of Technology
54 ICAM - Institut Catholique d'Arts et Métiers
55 Auteur indépendant
56 University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus
57 Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences - Karl Landsteiner Privatuniversität für Gesundheitswissenschaften [Krems an der Donau, Austria]
58 The University of Mississippi [Oxford]
59 TAPMI - T. A. Pai Management Institute
60 UM5 - Université Mohammed V de Rabat [Agdal]
61 LIP-PC2S - Laboratoire Inter-universitaire de Psychologie : Personnalité, Cognition, Changement Social
62 UWr - University of Wrocław [Poland]
63 UGENT - Universiteit Gent = Ghent University
64 RUB - Ruhr University Bochum = Ruhr-Universität Bochum
65 Bar-Ilan University [Israël]
66 McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]
67 UFV - University College of the Fraser Valley
68 Università degli studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" = University of the Study of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli
69 University of Maribor
70 Department of Psychology [University of Roma "La Sapienza"]
71 University of Warwick [Coventry]
72 Universidade do Porto = University of Porto
73 Åbo Akademi University [Turku]
74 Universidad Regional Amazonica Ikiam
75 Universidad de Guadalajara
76 University of Novi Sad
77 UNSW - University of New South Wales [Sydney]
78 CAM - University of Cambridge [UK]
79 Stellenbosch University
80 UWC - University of the Western Cape
81 ETU - Erzurum Technical University
82 Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien [Tübingen]
83 Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen = Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen
84 Department of Biological Psychology [Amsterdam]
85 Urmia University
86 University of Opole
87 UNICSUL - Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul
88 UMAG - Universidad de Magallanes
89 Northern Illinois University
90 ACU - Australian Catholic University
91 PUCP - Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú = Pontifical Catholic University of Peru
92 Tarbiat Modares University [Tehran]
93 Tilburg University [Netherlands]
94 UFMT - Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso
95 University of Konstanz
96 BGU - Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
97 ODU - Ohio Dominican University
98 University of Tehran
99 ISCTE-IUL - Instituto Universitário de Lisboa
100 CRACS INESC - Center for Research in Advanced Computing Systems
101 Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski"
102 MPIfG - Max-Planck-Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung
103 Stadtverwaltung Wuppertal
104 University of Adelaide
105 Jacobs University = Constructor University [Bremen]
106 Opole University of Technology
107 UP System - University of the Philippines
108 TU/e - Eindhoven University of Technology [Eindhoven]
109 Pavol Jozef Šafárik University
110 Ateneo de Manila University
111 Florida Atlantic University [Boca Raton]
112 University of Essex
113 Faculty of Psychology [Vienna]
114 UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes
115 Concordia University [Montreal]
116 AUEB - Athens University of Economics and Business
117 Universidad Nacional de Córdoba [Argentina]
118 CONICET - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires]
119 Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge
120 DEUSTO - Universidad de Deusto
121 UMB - Universidad Manuela Beltrán
122 AE-FUNAI - Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo
123 SWPS - SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
124 Psychological Institute of Russian Academy of Education
125 Kent State University
126 University of Haifa [Haifa]
127 Case Western Reserve University [Cleveland]
128 UNAM - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México = National Autonomous University of Mexico
129 SDU - University of Southern Denmark
130 University of Oxford
131 LSE - London School of Economics and Political Science
132 VSE - Prague University of Economics and Business
133 DIPF - Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education
134 Penn State - Pennsylvania State University
135 University of Delaware [Newark]
136 SIS - Singapore Management University
137 University of Hildesheim
138 USON - Universidad de Sonora
139 LHUMAIN - Langages HUmanités Médiations Apprentissages Interactions Numérique
140 BU - Bournemouth University [Poole]
141 GCU - Government College University [Lahore]
142 UMCS - Maria Curie-Sklodowska University
143 Universidad del Desarrollo
144 Middlebury College
145 University of Vermont [Burlington]
146 UCL - University College of London [London]
147 UCY - University of Cyprus [Nicosia]
148 Unipd - Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua
149 Singidunum University
150 UP Diliman - University of the Philippines Diliman
151 UniMe - Università degli Studi di Messina = University of Messina
152 UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3
153 Bilkent University [Ankara]
154 University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee
155 University of Delhi
156 UiB - University of Bergen
157 Western Norway University of Applied Sciences
158 University of Prešov
159 UnB - Universidade de Brasilia [Brasília]
160 Comenius University in Bratislava
161 University of Leeds
162 UNIS - University of Surrey
163 Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm]
164 University of Silesia in Katowice
165 NKUA - National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
166 UiO - University of Oslo
167 UNIMI - Università degli Studi di Milano = University of Milan
168 University of Louisiana
169 UFRO - Universidad de la frontera [Tecumo, Chile] = University of La Frontera [Tecumo, Chile] = Université de La Frontera [Tecumo, Chili]
170 Radboud University [Nijmegen]
171 USP - Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo
172 University of Bath [Bath]
173 UNIMIB - Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca = University of Milano-Bicocca
174 University of Birmingham [Birmingham]
175 Ithaca College
176 UNAV - Universidad de Navarra [Pamplona]
177 LPC - Laboratoire de Psychologie des Cognitions
178 MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
179 University of Northumbria at Newcastle [United Kingdom]
180 UCC - University College Cork
181 Occidental College
182 JMU - Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
183 University of Primorska
184 Universidad del Rosario [Bogota]
185 UMB - Matej Bel University
186 Lancaster University
187 UQ [All campuses : Brisbane, Dutton Park Gatton, Herston, St Lucia and other locations] - The University of Queensland
188 Sewanee: The University of the South
189 Emporia State University
190 Murdoch University
191 Adekunle Ajasin University
192 University of Canberra
193 Edin. - University of Edinburgh
194 Willamette University
195 UiT - The Arctic University of Norway [Tromsø, Norway]
196 Erasmus University Rotterdam
197 School of Psychology and Neuroscience [University of St. Andrews]
198 SIU - Southern Illinois University [Carbondale]
199 UV - Universitat de València
200 Tilburg University [Tilburg]
201 Kingston University [London]
202 UVAS - University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences [Lahore, Pakistan]
203 Stevens Institute of Technology [Hoboken]
204 UNIGE - Université de Genève = University of Geneva
205 Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main
206 Leipzig University / Universität Leipzig
207 ULIMA - Universidad de Lima
208 Georgia State University
209 VCU - Virginia Commonwealth University
210 Aarhus University [Aarhus]
211 UA - University of Alabama [Tuscaloosa]
212 UC Berkeley - University of California [Berkeley]
213 USI - University of Southern Indiana
214 Universität Mannheim
215 University of Manchester [Manchester]
216 University of Sheffield [Sheffield]
217 Bangalore University
218 Atilim University
219 Universitatea "Lucian Blaga" Sibiu
220 UC - University of Coimbra [Portugal]
221 Ankara University School of Medicine [Turkey]
222 St. Petersburg Academic University–Nanotechnology Research and Education Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences
223 FIT - Fukuoka Institute of Technology
224 Nottingham Trent University
225 MASA - Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts [Skopje, North Macedonia]
226 TU Graz - Graz University of Technology [Graz]
227 MSKU - Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi [Türkiye Cumhuriyetı] = Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University [Türkiye] = Université Sıtkı Koçman de Muğla [Turquie]
228 NNU - Nanjing Normal University
229 Chulalongkorn University [Bangkok]
230 Ankara Üniversitesi
231 BCM - Baylor College of Medicine
232 CLLE - Cognition, Langues, Langage, Ergonomie
233 SFU.ca - Simon Fraser University
234 RHUL - Royal Holloway [University of London]
235 UMPCD - University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila” Bucharest
236 Purdue University [West Lafayette]
237 Aalto University
238 UQAM - Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal
239 ITESM - Tecnológico de Monterrey = Monterrey Institute of Technology
240 Friedrich-Schiller-Universität = Friedrich Schiller University Jena [Jena, Germany]
241 UNIROMA - Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" = Sapienza University [Rome]
242 FUM - Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
243 FIU - Florida International University [Miami]
244 Universiteit Leiden = Leiden University
245 Curtin University
246 AKU - Afyon Kocatepe University
247 Hacettepe University = Hacettepe Üniversitesi
248 Swinburne University of Technology [Melbourne]
249 Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar
250 FSU - Florida State University [Tallahassee]
251 ULCR - Universidad Latina de Costa Rica
252 BNU - Beijing Normal University
253 Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg
254 LPS (URP_4471) - Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale : contextes et régulation
255 CSUN - California State University [Northridge]
256 FUKL - Fundación Universitaria Konrad Lorenz = Konrad Lorenz University Foundation
257 University of Denver
258 Universidade de Coimbra [Coimbra]
259 HSG - University of St.Gallen
260 University of Auckland [Auckland]
261 Temple University [Philadelphia]
262 University of Aberdeen
263 UWA - The University of Western Australia
264 UZH - Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich
265 CAL POLY - California Polytechnic State University [San Luis Obispo]
266 Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
267 University of Rochester [USA]
268 NUI Galway - National University of Ireland [Galway]
269 UniOr - Università di Napoli L'Orientale = University of Naples
270 Başkent University Hospital [Adana, Turkey]
271 Franklin and Marshall College
272 VU - Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam]
273 Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London
274 Michigan State University [East Lansing]
275 JRU - José Rizal University
276 University of Tabriz [Tabriz]
277 JU - The University of Jordan
278 Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
279 MSU - Lomonosov Moscow State University
280 Stanford University
281 SAMÜ - Samsun university
282 DEÜ - Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi = Dokuz Eylül University [Izmir]
283 USC - University of the Sunshine Coast
284 USC - University of Southern California
285 Oakland University
286 QUB - Queen's University [Belfast]
287 DLSU - De La Salle University [Manila]
288 KU - Kozminski University
289 Università degli studi di Trieste = University of Trieste
290 Üsküdar university
291 Cyprus University of Technology
292 Universidade de Lisboa
293 King‘s College London
294 IGDORE - Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education
295 NYU - New York University [New York]
296 UW - University of Warsaw
297 La Trobe University
298 UL - University of Limerick
299 JGU - Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz = Johannes Gutenberg University
300 Lovisenberg Diakonale Sykehus - Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital [Oslo]
301 LIRNE-EIMA [Kenitra]
302 WKU - Western Kentucky University
303 Swansea University
304 UOC - University of Crete [Heraklion]
305 Harvard University
306 University of Wisconsin-Madison
307 Tufts University [Medford]
308 UoN - University of Nairobi
309 University of Virginia
310 Penn State Harrisburg
Nicole Legate
Thuy-Vy Nguyen
  • Fonction : co premier-auteur
Lisa Legault
  • Fonction : Auteur
Yuna Jang
  • Fonction : Auteur
Yuki Yamada
  • Fonction : Auteur
Muhib Kabir
  • Fonction : Auteur
Meetu Khosla
  • Fonction : Auteur
Marta Topor
  • Fonction : Auteur
Manyu Li
  • Fonction : Auteur
Leigh Ann Vaughn
  • Fonction : Auteur
Luca Kozma
  • Fonction : Auteur
Kortnee Evans
  • Fonction : Auteur
Kevin Vezirian
Ilse L. Pit
  • Fonction : Auteur
Gwenaël Kaminski
Frank Martela
  • Fonction : Auteur
Efisio Manunta
Olivier Dujols
Faith Chiu
  • Fonction : Auteur
Carsten Bundt
  • Fonction : Auteur
Maja Becker
Hui Bai
  • Fonction : Auteur
Anna Szala
  • Fonction : Auteur
Anisha Singh
  • Fonction : Auteur
Anum Urooj
  • Fonction : Auteur
Charles Ebersole
Christopher R Chartier
Maximilian Primbs

Résumé

Finding communication strategies that effectively motivate social distancing continues to be a global public health priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-country, preregistered experiment ( n = 25,718 from 89 countries) tested hypotheses concerning generalizable positive and negative outcomes of social distancing messages that promoted personal agency and reflective choices (i.e., an autonomy-supportive message) or were restrictive and shaming (i.e., a controlling message) compared with no message at all. Results partially supported experimental hypotheses in that the controlling message increased controlled motivation (a poorly internalized form of motivation relying on shame, guilt, and fear of social consequences) relative to no message. On the other hand, the autonomy-supportive message lowered feelings of defiance compared with the controlling message, but the controlling message did not differ from receiving no message at all. Unexpectedly, messages did not influence autonomous motivation (a highly internalized form of motivation relying on one’s core values) or behavioral intentions. Results supported hypothesized associations between people’s existing autonomous and controlled motivations and self-reported behavioral intentions to engage in social distancing. Controlled motivation was associated with more defiance and less long-term behavioral intention to engage in social distancing, whereas autonomous motivation was associated with less defiance and more short- and long-term intentions to social distance. Overall, this work highlights the potential harm of using shaming and pressuring language in public health communication, with implications for the current and future global health challenges.
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hal-03846948 , version 1 (10-11-2022)

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Nicole Legate, Thuy-Vy Nguyen, Netta Weinstein, Arlen Moller, Lisa Legault, et al.. A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2022, 119 (22), ⟨10.1073/pnas.2111091119⟩. ⟨hal-03846948⟩
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