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            <title xml:lang="fr">Controverses et paradoxes dans l'Europe des brevets au XIXe siècle</title>
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                <title level="m">Innovations et transferts de technologie en Europe du Nord-Ouest aux XIXe et XXe siècles</title>
                <editor>Eck, Jean-François</editor>
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                <term xml:lang="fr">Innovation</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">XIXe siècle</term>
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              <p>In 1883, patents granted in France, Germany, the United Kingdom and Belgium represented for 41% of granted worldwide patents. The Northwestern Europe in the nineteenth century appeared as an important place for the development of industrial property. However, this area was also the place of a significant patent controversy. From 1850 to 1882, no fewer than three parliamentary inquiries were launched in Britain to reform or abolish the patent laws. In France, the patent was the target of a major campaign by Michel Chevalier. In the Netherlands, the patent law was abolished in 1869. This controversy has long interested researchers. In 1950, Fritz Machlup and Edith Penrose analyzed these debates and explained its by the effects of the Great Depression and the return of protectionism. After a sharp dispute period, the 1878 Congress on Industrial Property and the Paris Union of 1883 ended the controversy.</p>
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              <p>En 1883, les brevets accordés en France, en Allemagne, au Royaume-Uni et en Belgique représentent 41% des brevets accordés dans le monde, les brevets américains représentant quant à eux 43% du total. L'Europe du Nord-Ouest s'affiche au XIXe siècle comme un des hauts lieux du brevet d'invention. Pourtant, cet espace a également vu se déployer d'importantes controverses au sujet de la propriété industrielle. De 1850 à 1882, pas moins de trois enquêtes parlementaires sont lancées en Grande-Bretagne pour réformer voire abolir la législation sur les brevets. En France, le brevet d'invention est la cible d'une importante campagne menée par Michel Chevalier. Aux Pays-Bas, la législation sur les brevets est abolie en 1869. Cette controverse a depuis longtemps suscité l'intérêt des chercheurs. Dès 1950, Fritz Machlup et Edith Penrose analysaient ces débats et en expliquaient la clôture par les effets de la Grande Dépression et le retour du protectionnisme. Après une forte période de contestation, le brevet s'imposait sur le plan européen, le congrès de 1878 sur la propriété industrielle et l'Union de Paris de 1883 étant le symbole de cette affirmation.</p>
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