W. M. Adams and M. J. Mortimore, Agricultural Intensification and Flexibility in the Nigerian Sahel, The Geographical Journal, vol.163, issue.2, p.163, 1997.
DOI : 10.2307/3060178

F. Affholder, Empirically modeling the interaction between intensification and climatic risk in semiarid regions. Field Crops Research, pp.1-2, 1997.

A. Aubréville, Climats, forêts et désertification de l'Afrique tropicale, Société des Editions Géographiques, Maritimes et Coloniales, 1949.

E. Boserup, The conditions of agricultural growth; the economics of agrarian change under population pressure, George Allen & Unwin L td Ruskin House Museum S t, 1965.

F. Bousquet, I. Bakam, H. Proton, L. Page, and C. , Cormas: Common-pool resources and multi-agent systems, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, vol.1416, pp.826-837, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-64574-8_469

H. Breman, R. J. Groot, and H. Van-keulen, Resource limitations in Sahelian agriculture, Global Environmental Change, vol.11, issue.1, pp.59-68, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0959-3780(00)00045-5

E. Chattoe, Building Empirically Plausible Multi-Agent Systems, Multi-Agent Systems, Artificial Societies, and Simulated Organizations, pp.109-116, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/0-306-47373-9_13

T. W. Conelly, Population pressure, labor availability, and agricultural disintensification: The decline of farming on Rusinga Island, Kenya, Human Ecology, vol.24, issue.3, pp.145-175, 1994.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02169037

K. Davis and J. Blake, Social Structure and Fertility: An Analytic Framework, Economic Development and Cultural Change, vol.4, issue.3, pp.211-235, 1956.
DOI : 10.1086/449714

R. Dorfman, A Formula for the Gini Coefficient. The Review of Economics and Statistics, pp.146-149, 1979.

P. Drechsel, L. Gyiele, D. Kunze, and O. Cofie, Population density, soil nutrient depletion, and economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa, Ecological Economics, vol.38, issue.2, pp.251-258, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0921-8009(01)00167-7

A. Drogoul, D. Vanbergue, and T. Meurisse, Simulation Orientée Agent: où sont les agents? LIRMM, 2000.

B. Edmonds and S. Moss, From KISS to KIDS ? an 'anti-simplistic' modelling approach Multi Agent Based Simulation, Lect. Notes in Artificial Intelligence, vol.3415, pp.130-144, 2005.

E. Grégoire, Niger: Histoire d'un groupe de riches marchands sahéliens, ORSTOM Editions, 1986.

M. G. Huigen, K. P. Overmars, and W. De-groot, Multi-actor modeling of settling decisions and behavior in the San Mariano watershed, the Philippines: a first application with the MameLuke framework, Ecology & Society, vol.11, issue.2, pp.38-53, 2006.

M. A. Janssen and E. Ostrom, Empirically Based, Agent-based models, Ecology and Society, vol.11, issue.2, pp.24-37, 2006.
DOI : 10.5751/ES-01861-110237

URL : http://doi.org/10.5751/es-01861-110237

N. Koning and E. Smaling, Environmental crisis or ???lie of the land???? The debate on soil degradation in Africa, Land Use Policy, vol.22, issue.1, pp.3-11, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.landusepol.2003.08.003

E. F. Lambin, B. L. Turner, H. J. Geist, S. B. Agbola, A. Angelsen et al., The causes of land-use and land-cover change: moving beyond the myths, Global Environmental Change, vol.11, issue.4, pp.261-269, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0959-3780(01)00007-3

P. Milleville and G. Serpantié, Agrarian dynamics and the question of the intensification of farming in the Sahelian and savanna zones of Africa. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie d'Agriculture de France, pp.149-161, 1994.

M. J. Mortimore and B. L. Turner, Does the Sahelian smallholder's management of woodland, farm trees, rangeland support the hypothesis of human-induced desertification?, Journal of Arid Environments, vol.63, issue.3, pp.567-595, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.03.005

D. Niemeijer and V. Mazzucato, Soil degradation in the West African Sahel: how serious is it? Environment (Washington DC), pp.20-31, 2002.

J. Olivier-de-sardan, Les sociétés Songhay -Zarma (Niger-Mali) Chefs, guerriers, esclaves, paysans. Karthala, 2005.

C. Raynaut, E. Grégoire, P. Janin, J. Koecklin, P. Lavigne-delville et al., Societies & Nature in the Sahel, 1997.
DOI : 10.4324/9780203438541

A. Reenberg and B. Paarup-larsen, Determinants for land use strategies in a Sahelian agro-ecosystem???Anthropological and ecological geographical aspects of natural resource management, Agricultural Systems, vol.53, issue.2-3, pp.2-3, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0308-521X(96)00062-5

M. Saqalli, Multi acteurs, multi activités: Simulations multi-agents pour la détection des changements dans l'Organisation sociale dans les villages de l'Ouest Nigérien, 6 th MOSIM Modeling & Simulating Francophone Conference pp. 253-263 MOSIM Proceedings Casablanca, 2006.

M. Saqalli, B. Gérard, C. Bielders, and P. Defourny, Marketing humanitarian support: Empirical agent-based modeling of development actions in Nigérien villages, 2008.

G. D. Stone and C. E. Downum, Non-Boserupian Ecology and Agricultural Risk: Ethnic Politics and Land Control in the Arid Southwest, American Anthropologist, vol.7, issue.1, pp.113-128, 1999.
DOI : 10.1086/204700

G. D. Stone, . Mcc, R. Netting, and M. P. Stone, Seasonality, Labor Scheduling, and Agricultural Intensification in the Nigerian Savanna, Seasonality, Labor Scheduling, and Agricultural Intensification in the Nigerian Savanna, pp.7-23, 1990.
DOI : 10.1525/aa.1990.92.1.02a00010

G. Tappan and M. Mcgahuey, Tracking environmental dynamics and agricultural intensification in southern Mali, Agricultural Systems, vol.94, issue.1, pp.38-51, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.agsy.2005.07.011

M. Tiffen, Transition in Sub-Saharan Africa: Agriculture, Urbanization and Income Growth, World Development, vol.31, issue.8, pp.1343-1366, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0305-750X(03)00088-3

G. Tillon, Le harem et les cousins, Seuil, 1966.

M. Timera, Les migrations des jeunes Sah??liens??: affirmation de soi et ??mancipation, Les jeunes: hantise de l'espace public dans les sociétés du Sud? pp. 37?49. Karthala, 2001.
DOI : 10.3917/autr.018.0037

M. E. Turner, No space for participation: pastoralist narratives and the etiology of park-herder conflict in southeastern Niger. Land Degradation & Development, pp.345-363, 1999.

J. Vanderlinden, The Niger case study. The African Policy, pp.350-370, 1998.

S. Wiggins, Change in African farming systems between the mid-1970s and the mid-1980s, Journal of International Development, vol.91, issue.16, pp.807-828, 1995.
DOI : 10.1002/jid.3380070603

B. Yamba, Les mutations des systèmes agraires et des modes d'usage des ressources naturelles dans la zone centrale du Niger. Revue de géographie alpine, pp.97-110, 2004.