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            <title xml:lang="es">La vulnerabilidad urbana: entre reducción de riesgo y emancipación social</title>
            <title xml:lang="es" type="sub">Ejemplos en Venezuela</title>
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                <term xml:lang="en">Politics</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">domination</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Risk</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">vulnerability</term>
                <term xml:lang="es">Caracas</term>
                <term xml:lang="es">políticas</term>
                <term xml:lang="es">vulnerabilidad</term>
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              <p>Vulnerability stems from a late 1960s critical academic background. As a progressive risk analysis concept, it consists in embodying triggering factors of risk situations in social organization and social relations. It promotes the analysis of risk construction through root social and political causes, instead of focusing on hazard. In highly discriminating and historically unequal urban contexts, such a viewpoint aims to achieving poor and marginalized people emancipation on the basis of both material and immaterial levers. By dealing with social construction of risk, vulnerability addresses the material and speculative socio-spatial basis of unfair urban settlements. The main issue is not to elude hazard impacts. Rather, the point consists in reducing vulnerability in a sustainable and shared way by transforming the socio-spatial conditions that frame the construction of risks.</p>
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              <p>La noción de vulnerabilidad emerge de corrientes académicas críticas, a partir de finales de los años 1960. Como concepto progresista del análisis de riesgo, arraiga los factores explicativos de las situaciones de riesgo en la organización de la sociedad y las relaciones sociales. Favorece el análisis de la estructura causal de la construcción de riesgos, alejándose de la amenaza natural, para entender las lógicas sociales imperantes. En contextos urbanos sumamente discriminatorios e históricamente desiguales, tal perspectiva resulta emancipadora y se basa tanto en aspectos materiales como inmateriales. Cuestionar la construcción de riesgo es una manera de cuestionar los fundamentos discursivos y materiales de un orden socio-espacial urbano injusto. De ahí que no se busca eludir los impactos de los eventos naturales, sino que se intenta reducir la vulnerabilidad de forma sostenible y compartida al transformar las condiciones socio-espaciales que intervienen en la construcción de riesgo.</p>
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