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            <title xml:lang="en">Urban toll and sustainable city: Pricing forms and various kinds of economic rationale</title>
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              <p>When it comes to developing car urban traffic, policy makers are faced with critical challenges: urban, financial, environmental, but also social and political. To the latter, economists have been answering for a long time with solutions that seem simple and obvious to them. External costs of car traffic, and particularly congestion costs, are mainly due to an almost non-existence of pricing. As a result, the latter has to be reconsidered. However, contrary to what traditional analyses of the problem suggest, economic rationale runs into the ambivalence of the goals pursued by urban toll. Should new roads be financed and built, or should the overall traffic be significantly reduced? The first goal, more appropriate for inter-city traffic, has progressively been left out in urban areas by the concept of urban toll, which comes up with unexpected ideas such as speed reduction or even the creation of a market for negotiable permits to circulate. These multiple forms of toll explain why the current pricing policies of urban roads are hesitating.</p>
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              <p>Le développement du trafic automobile en zone urbaine pose aux décideurs publics de redoutables défis : urbains, financiers, environnementaux, mais aussi sociaux et politiques. A ceux-ci, l’économiste répond depuis longtemps par des solutions qui lui semblent simples et évidentes. Les coûts externes de la circulation automobile, et notamment les coûts de congestion, étant dus à la quasi-absence de tarification, c’est cette dernière qu’il faut repenser. Or, contrairement à ce que suggèrent les analyses traditionnelles du problème, la raison économique se heurte à l’ambivalence des objectifs poursuivis par le péage urbain. S’agit-il de financer de nouvelles infrastructures ou plutôt de réduire de façon significative le trafic global ? En abandonnant progressivement le premier objectif, plus adapté au trafic interurbain, l’idée de péage urbain débouche sur des formes inattendues comme la réduction des vitesses et même l’instauration d’un marché des droits à circuler. Cette multiplicité des formes de péage explique largement les hésitations actuelles des politiques de tarification de l’usage des voiries urbaines.</p>
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