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            <title xml:lang="fr">La dynamique d'un système de villes</title>
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                <term xml:lang="fr">système urbain</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr"> croissance urbaine</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr"> taille des villes</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr"> structure fonctionnelle urbaine</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr"> dynamique urbaine</term>
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              <p>This paper summarizes the results of several comparative studies of the long-term and recent evolution of French towns, which are used to provide a more general theoretical framework of the evolution of urban networks. A fundamental property of the old urban systems is the persistency of the geographical mesh, of the hierarchy of city sizes and of the main socio-economic inter-urban differences. Tremendous changes have occured in the cities, in their economy, society and built environment, and their spatial dimension has considerably expanded, during the thirty-year period of rapid demographic and economic growth which followed the second world-war. However, the processes of change were very similar from one town to another, the main innovations of the period were very rapidly diffused, so that the relative positions of the cities were only very slowly modified. Those peculiar modes of evolution make fruitful the analogy between urban sytems and other hierarchical open systems where self-organization phenomena occur.</p>
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              <p>Questo articolo riassume i risultati di diversi studi comparativi in ordine all’evoluzione di lungo periodo (gli ultimi quanrant’anni) delle città francesi. Si evidenzia una proprietà caratteristica delle vecchie reti urbane : la persistenza della trama geografica, della gerarchia dimensionale delle città e delle principali differenze socioeconomiche. Cambiamenti molto rilevanti si sono prodotti sia nell’economica e nelle società urbane sia nella morfologia delle città nel periodo di assai rapida crescita demografica ed economica che ha seguito l’ultima guerre, con il corollario di un’intensa espansione spaziale delle agglomerazioni. Ciò nonostante, i processi di cambiamento sono stati molto simili nelle diverse città e le innovazioni del periodo in oggetto si sono diffuse assai rapidamente, tanto che le posizioni relative delle città nella rete si sono modificate molto lentamente. Queste modalità di evoluzione rendono il sistema urbano molto simile ad altri sistemi gerarchici aperti capaci di autoorganizzazione.</p>
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