From Africa to Asia, Twelver Shi‘a form significant minority and, in some cases, majority communities. Geography and history place Iran at the centre of these worlds. But to what extent can we speak of an ‘Iranian model’ that these groups follow? This researched volume presents the Shi‘a worlds in all their complexities, exploring the tenuous relations between these groups and Iran while shedding light on the understudied Shi‘a communities in the Gulf, Turkey, Afghanistan and Senegal.