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                <title xml:lang="pt">As Análises Cognitivas De Políticas Públicas: Uma Agenda De Pesquisa</title>
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              <p>The aim of this article is to present a general framework of cognitive and normative analyses, especially European and French ones. TheThe aim of this article is to present a general framework of cognitive and normative analyses, especially European and French ones. The main point of these works is that public policies do not boil down to the interests of actors or the contexts and institutional arrangements. Thus, we focus on the theories and concepts that are more “optimistic” about ideas, considering they have independent effects and significant impact on the development of public policies. The article is organized in five sections. First, we attempt to clarify the variable “ideas”. In the second section, we point out some of the reasons why cognitive analyses are abundant in European contexts and particularly in France. The third section retraces one of the most influential notions that has structured the field of public policy research in France/French-speaking cou- ntries: the notion of the référentiel. In the fourth section, we consider one proposition to bring together three approaches that deal with analogous categories of analysis: the référentiel ( Jobert and Muller 1987), the advocacy coalition framework (Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith 1993, 1999) and the paradigm (Hall 1993). Finally, we present the instruments of public policy - which also has proven to be a fruitful approach - and we indicate some possible paths for future research.</p>
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              <p>O objetivo desse artigo é apresentar um quadro geral das análises cognitivas e normativas especialmente de trabalhos europeus e francófonos. O argumento principal desses trabalhos, é que políticas públicas não se resumem aos interesses dos atores ou aos contextos e arranjos institucionais. Desse modo, nos concentra-mos nas teorias e noções mais "otimistas" quanto às ideias, considerando que essas possuem efeitos indepen-dentes e impactos significativos no desenvolvimento de políticas públicas. Este artigo se organiza em cinco seções. Na primeira delas, busco sistematizar algumas clarificações sobre as variáveis "ideias". Na segunda, indico alguns dos motivos pelos quais as análises cognitivas são abundantes nos contextos europeus e espe-cialmente nas análises de políticas públicas na França. A terceira se dedica à retraçar em linhas gerais uma das mais influentes noções analíticas que estruturou o campo francês de pesquisa de políticas públicas e segue influenciando o debate atual: a noção de referencial. Na quarta seção, tratamos de retraçar as propostas de aproximações de entre três abordagens que lidam com categorias de análises próximas: referencial de Jobert e Muller (1987), coalizão de defesa de Sabatier e Jenkins-Smith (1993, 1999) e paradigma de Hall (1993). Por fim, apresento de maneira reduzida um outro tipo de abordagem-os instrumentos de políticas públi-cas-que também tem se mostrado bastante profícua, indicando algumas pistas para agendas de pesquisas. Palavras-Chave: políticas públicas, análises cognitivas, instrumentos, referencial, modelos teóricos.</p>
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