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Article dans une revue European Journal of Applied Linguistics. Année : 2019

Balance and dominance in the vocabulary of German-Turkish primary schoolchildren

Équilibre et dominance dans le vocabulaire des élèves germano-turcs

Elke G Montanari
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Roman Abel
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Résumé

Ausgewogenheit hat die Debatten über Bilingualität oft inspiriert; doch wie häufig sind ausgewogene Zweisprachige, und hat Ausgewogenheit einen positiven Einfluss auf Sprachbeherrschung? Diese Fragen untersuchen wir mit dem Fokus auf den ersten Schuljahren, in der die Kinder einen hohen Anteil ihres Inputs in der Schulsprache erhalten. Wir diskutieren die folgenden Forschungsfragen in Bezug auf den Wortschatz: Korrelieren ausgewogene Testergebnisse in zwei Sprachen mit insgesamt stärkeren Testergebnissen? Geht ein ausgewogener Gebrauch von zwei Sprachen mit einem ausgewogenen Wortschatz einher? Dafür wurden 98 Deutsch-Türkisch-sprachige Schülerinnen und Schüler in einem Querschnittsdesign mit einem Bildbenennungstest auf expressiven und rezeptiven Wortschatz untersucht. Durch Subtraktion der türkischen Ergebnisse von den individuellen deutschen Resultaten wurde ein Dominanz-/Balanceindex für jedes Kind errechnet. Die Testergebnisse zeigen eine kontinuierliche Verschiebung zu einer Dominanz in der Mehrheitssprache Deutsch. Die konsequente Verwendung des Türkischen in der Familie wirkt sich positiv auf den türkischen Wortschatz aus, nicht aber negativ auf den deutschen Wortschatz. Wir fanden keinen positiven Effekt von Ausgewogenheit. Als mögliche Einschränkung wird angemerkt, dass die Verwendung desselben Testverfahrens in mehreren Sprachen aufgrund von Testeffekten einzelne Sprachgruppen bevorzugen könnte.
Balanced bilingualism has inspired debates on bilingualism for a long time, but several questions related to this discourse remain unanswered. How common are balanced bilinguals? Does balance have a positive impact on language proficiency? More specifically, when children begin to frequent schools and thus have a lot of oral and literal input in the school language, how do balance and dominance develop? The present paper discusses the following research questions with respect to vocabulary: Do balanced test results in two languages correlate with a better proficiency than unbalanced results? Moreover, is a balanced use of two languages accompanied by a balanced vocabulary? We used a picture naming task to test the expressive and receptive vocabulary of 98 German-Turkish speaking schoolchildren in a cross-sectional design. To determine balance resp. dominance, we used a combined score of the values in the German and the Turkish testing. The balance/dominance scores show a continuous shift to dominance in the majority language. Consistent use of Turkish has an effect on Turkish vocabulary, but not a negative impact on vocabulary in German. There was no overall positive influence of balanced bilingualism.
Balanced bilingualism has inspired debates on bilingualism for a long time, but several questions related to this discourse remain unanswered. How common are balanced bilinguals? Does balance have a positive impact on language proficiency? More specifically, when children begin to frequent schools and thus have a lot of oral and literal input in the school language, how do balance and dominance develop? The present paper discusses the following research questions with respect to vocabulary: Do balanced test results in two languages correlate with a better proficiency than unbalanced results? Moreover, is a balanced use of two languages accompanied by a balanced vocabulary? We used a picture naming task to test the expressive and receptive vocabulary of 98 German-Turkish speaking schoolchildren in a cross-sectional design. To determine balance or dominance, we used a combined score of the values in the German and the Turkish testing. The balance/dominance scores show a continuous shift to dominance in the majority language. Consistent use of Turkish has an effect on Turkish vocabulary, but not a negative impact on vocabulary in German. There was no overall positive influence of balanced bilingualism. Türkçe özet Dengeli ikidillilik, son zamanlarda ikidillilik üzerine gerçekleştirilen birçok çalışmanın araştırma konusu olmuştur, ancak dengeli ikidilliliğin ne denli yaygın olduğu ve dengenin dil becerisi üzerinde olumlu etkisinin olup olmadığı merak konusudur. Özellikle, diller arasındaki denge ve baskınlığın, çocuğun okul dönemine girmesiyle birlikte gerçekleşen sözlü ve yazılı girdi artışından nasıl etkilendiği araştırılmalıdır. Bu makale, sözcük dağarcığı kapsamında şu araştırma sorularına yanıt aramaktadır: Her iki dilde de denge saptanan test sonuçlarında, denge saptanmayan test sonuçlarına göre dil becerisi daha mı gelişmiştir? Ayrıca dillerin dengeli kullanımı aynı zamanda her iki dilde de eşit sözcük dağarcığına mı işaret etmektedir? Bu amaçla, 98 Almanca-Türkçe ikidilli ilkokul öğrencisinin konuşma ve anlama becerisini, görsellerin çeşitliliğini de gözeterek, resim adlandırma testiyle inceledik. Diller arasında denge mi baskınlık mı olduğunu saptamak için, Almanca ve Türkçe test sonuçlarının puanlarını birleştirerek değerlendirdik. Denge/baskınlık puanları çoğunluk dilinde sürekli bir değişime işaret etmektedir. Düzenli Türkçe kullanımı Türkçe sözcük dağarcığını olumlu yönde etkilerken, Almanca sözcük dağarcığı üzerinde olumsuz bir etkisi olmamaktadır. Genel olarak bakıldığında dengeli iki
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halshs-02360804, version 1 (15-11-2019)

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Elke G Montanari, Mehmet-Ali Akinci, Roman Abel. Balance and dominance in the vocabulary of German-Turkish primary schoolchildren. European Journal of Applied Linguistics. , 2019, 7 (1), pp.113-143. ⟨10.1515/eujal-2018-0003⟩. ⟨halshs-02360804⟩
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