<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:hal="http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/" xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/" xmlns:gmlce="http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/ce" version="1.1" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0 http://api.archives-ouvertes.fr/documents/aofr-sword.xsd">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title>HAL TEI export of halshs-03761784</title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <distributor>CCSD</distributor>
        <availability status="restricted">
          <licence target="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">CC0 1.0 - Universal</licence>
        </availability>
        <date when="2026-05-23T16:42:33+02:00"/>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p part="N">HAL API Platform</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblFull>
          <titleStmt>
            <title xml:lang="en">Checking and Sharing Alt-Facts</title>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Emeric</forename>
                <surname>Henry</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">da545ad94554a2e3a4546124ddcbb883</email>
              <email type="domain">sciences-po.fr</email>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="string">emeric-henry</idno>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">1114203</idno>
              <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">479470-1114203</idno>
              <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9851-084X</idno>
              <idno type="IDREF">https://www.idref.fr/224319914</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-226874"/>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-143559"/>
            </author>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Ekaterina</forename>
                <surname>Zhuravskaya</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">e45d4bc32a20827d727b71f6052934f7</email>
              <email type="domain">gmail.com</email>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="string">ekaterina-zhuravskaya</idno>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">743571</idno>
              <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">12184-743571</idno>
              <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3496-2086</idno>
              <idno type="IDREF">https://www.idref.fr/177655267</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-301309"/>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-578027"/>
            </author>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Sergei</forename>
                <surname>Guriev</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">5f01449f49c15390d7452603b7b76a7c</email>
              <email type="domain">sciencespo.fr</email>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="string">sergei-guriev</idno>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">968402</idno>
              <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">450368-968402</idno>
              <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6048-2169</idno>
              <idno type="IDREF">https://www.idref.fr/146487192</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-226874"/>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-143559"/>
            </author>
            <editor role="depositor">
              <persName>
                <forename>Caroline</forename>
                <surname>Bauer</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">3ea893b770da7b8f7c3a4173e35dd4de</email>
              <email type="domain">psemail.eu</email>
            </editor>
          </titleStmt>
          <editionStmt>
            <edition n="v1" type="current">
              <date type="whenSubmitted">2022-08-26 13:53:00</date>
              <date type="whenModified">2025-10-01 14:24:03</date>
              <date type="whenReleased">2022-08-26 13:53:00</date>
              <date type="whenProduced">2022-08</date>
              <fs>
                <f name="inra_etatDocument_local" notation="numeric">
                  <numeric>0</numeric>
                </f>
                <f name="inra_etatDocument_local" notation="string" n="0">
                  <string>inra_etatDocument_local_0</string>
                </f>
                <f name="inra_publicVise_local" notation="string" n="SC">
                  <string>inra_publicVise_local_SC</string>
                </f>
              </fs>
            </edition>
            <respStmt>
              <resp>contributor</resp>
              <name key="154354">
                <persName>
                  <forename>Caroline</forename>
                  <surname>Bauer</surname>
                </persName>
                <email type="md5">3ea893b770da7b8f7c3a4173e35dd4de</email>
                <email type="domain">psemail.eu</email>
              </name>
            </respStmt>
          </editionStmt>
          <publicationStmt>
            <distributor>CCSD</distributor>
            <idno type="halId">halshs-03761784</idno>
            <idno type="halUri">https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03761784</idno>
            <idno type="halBibtex">henry:halshs-03761784</idno>
            <idno type="halRefHtml">&lt;i&gt;American Economic Journal: Economic Policy&lt;/i&gt;, 2022, 14 (3), pp.55-86. &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20210037"&gt;&amp;#x27E8;10.1257/pol.20210037&amp;#x27E9;&lt;/a&gt;</idno>
            <idno type="halRef">American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 2022, 14 (3), pp.55-86. &amp;#x27E8;10.1257/pol.20210037&amp;#x27E9;</idno>
            <availability status="restricted"/>
          </publicationStmt>
          <seriesStmt>
            <idno type="stamp" n="SHS">Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="UNIV-PARIS1">Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="ENS-PARIS">Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="SCIENCESPO">Sciences Po</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="ENPC" corresp="PARISTECH">École nationale des ponts et chaussées </idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="PJSE" corresp="SHS">Paris-Jourdan Sciences économiques</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="PSE">Paris School of Economics</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="CNRS">CNRS - Centre national de la recherche scientifique</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="EHESS">Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="AO-ECONOMIE">Archives ouvertes de l'Economie</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="PARISTECH">ParisTech</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="PSL">Université Paris sciences et lettres</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="INRAE">Institut National de Recherche en Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="PSE-POST-PRINT">PSE Post-Print</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="ENS-PSL" corresp="PSL">École normale supérieure - PSL</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="ECON-SCPO" corresp="SCIENCESPO">Les publications du Département d'économie de Sciences Po</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="SCPO-REPEC" corresp="SCIENCESPO">Publications de Sciences Po en économie</idno>
          </seriesStmt>
          <notesStmt>
            <note type="audience" n="2">International</note>
            <note type="popular" n="0">No</note>
            <note type="peer" n="1">Yes</note>
          </notesStmt>
          <sourceDesc>
            <biblStruct>
              <analytic>
                <title xml:lang="en">Checking and Sharing Alt-Facts</title>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Emeric</forename>
                    <surname>Henry</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <email type="md5">da545ad94554a2e3a4546124ddcbb883</email>
                  <email type="domain">sciences-po.fr</email>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="string">emeric-henry</idno>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">1114203</idno>
                  <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">479470-1114203</idno>
                  <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9851-084X</idno>
                  <idno type="IDREF">https://www.idref.fr/224319914</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-226874"/>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-143559"/>
                </author>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Ekaterina</forename>
                    <surname>Zhuravskaya</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <email type="md5">e45d4bc32a20827d727b71f6052934f7</email>
                  <email type="domain">gmail.com</email>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="string">ekaterina-zhuravskaya</idno>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">743571</idno>
                  <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">12184-743571</idno>
                  <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3496-2086</idno>
                  <idno type="IDREF">https://www.idref.fr/177655267</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-301309"/>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-578027"/>
                </author>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Sergei</forename>
                    <surname>Guriev</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <email type="md5">5f01449f49c15390d7452603b7b76a7c</email>
                  <email type="domain">sciencespo.fr</email>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="string">sergei-guriev</idno>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">968402</idno>
                  <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">450368-968402</idno>
                  <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6048-2169</idno>
                  <idno type="IDREF">https://www.idref.fr/146487192</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-226874"/>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-143559"/>
                </author>
              </analytic>
              <monogr>
                <idno type="halJournalId" status="VALID">79166</idno>
                <idno type="issn">1945-7731</idno>
                <title level="j">American Economic Journal: Economic Policy</title>
                <imprint>
                  <publisher>American Economic Association</publisher>
                  <biblScope unit="volume">14</biblScope>
                  <biblScope unit="issue">3</biblScope>
                  <biblScope unit="pp">55-86</biblScope>
                  <date type="datePub">2022-08</date>
                </imprint>
              </monogr>
              <idno type="doi">10.1257/pol.20210037</idno>
            </biblStruct>
          </sourceDesc>
          <profileDesc>
            <langUsage>
              <language ident="en">English</language>
            </langUsage>
            <textClass>
              <classCode scheme="jel" n="D.D7.D72">D - Microeconomics/D.D7 - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making/D.D7.D72 - Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="jel" n="D.D8.D81">D - Microeconomics/D.D8 - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty/D.D8.D81 - Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="jel" n="D.D9.D91">D - Microeconomics/D.D9 - Intertemporal Choice/D.D9.D91 - Intertemporal Household Choice • Life Cycle Models and Saving</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halDomain" n="shs.eco">Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halTypology" n="ART">Journal articles</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halOldTypology" n="ART">Journal articles</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halTreeTypology" n="ART">Journal articles</classCode>
            </textClass>
            <abstract xml:lang="en">
              <p>During the 2019 European elections campaign, we exposed a random sample of French voting-age Facebook users to false statements by a far-right populist party. A randomly selected subgroup was also presented with fact-checking of these statements; another subgroup was offered a choice of whether to view the fact-checking. Participants could then share these statements on their Facebook pages. We show that (i) both imposed and voluntary fact-checking reduce sharing of false statements by about 45 percent, (ii) the size of the effect is similar between imposed and voluntary fact-checking, and (iii) each additional click required to share false statements sub stantially reduces sharing. (JEL D72, D81, D91)</p>
            </abstract>
          </profileDesc>
        </biblFull>
      </listBibl>
    </body>
    <back>
      <listOrg type="structures">
        <org type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-226874" status="VALID">
          <idno type="RNSR">200820915D</idno>
          <orgName>Département d'économie (Sciences Po)</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">ECON</orgName>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>28 rue des Saints-Pères - 75007 Paris</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://econ.sciences-po.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-301587" type="direct"/>
            <relation name="UMR8259" active="#struct-441569" type="direct"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-143559" status="VALID">
          <orgName>Center for Economic Policy Research</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">CEPR</orgName>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <country key="GB"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.cepr.org/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="regrouplaboratory" xml:id="struct-301309" status="OLD">
          <idno type="IdRef">195137299</idno>
          <idno type="RNSR">200617701U</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/01qtp1053</idno>
          <orgName>Paris School of Economics</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">PSE</orgName>
          <date type="start">2006-01-01</date>
          <date type="end">2024-12-31</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>48 boulevard Jourdan 75014 Paris</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.parisschoolofeconomics.eu/</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-7550" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-59704" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-564132" type="indirect"/>
            <relation active="#struct-99539" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-301545" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-441569" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-577435" type="direct"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-578027" status="OLD">
          <idno type="IdRef">165593520</idno>
          <idno type="RNSR">199812873F</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/03vtagt31</idno>
          <orgName>Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">PJSE</orgName>
          <date type="start">2020-01-01</date>
          <date type="end">2024-12-31</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>48 boulevard Jourdan 75014 Paris</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.pse.ens.fr</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation name="UMR8545" active="#struct-7550" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-59704" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-564132" type="indirect"/>
            <relation active="#struct-99539" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-301545" type="direct"/>
            <relation name="UMR8545" active="#struct-441569" type="direct"/>
            <relation name="UMR1393" active="#struct-577435" type="direct"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-301587" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">027918459</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/05fe7ax82</idno>
          <orgName>Sciences Po</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">Sciences Po</orgName>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>27, rue Saint-Guillaume - 75337 Paris cedex 07</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.sciencespo.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="regroupinstitution" xml:id="struct-441569" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">02636817X</idno>
          <idno type="ISNI">0000000122597504</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/02feahw73</idno>
          <orgName>Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">CNRS</orgName>
          <date type="start">1939-10-19</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.cnrs.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-7550" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">027361802</idno>
          <idno type="ISNI">000000012173743X</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/002t25c44</idno>
          <orgName>Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">UP1</orgName>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>12 place du Panthéon, 75231 Paris Cedex 05</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-59704" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">031738419</idno>
          <idno type="ISNI">0000000123532622</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/05a0dhs15</idno>
          <orgName>École normale supérieure - Paris</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">ENS-PSL</orgName>
          <date type="start">1985-07-24</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>45, Rue d'Ulm - 75230 Paris cedex 05</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.ens.psl.eu/</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-564132" type="direct"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="regroupinstitution" xml:id="struct-564132" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">241597595</idno>
          <idno type="ISNI">0000 0004 1784 3645</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/013cjyk83</idno>
          <orgName>Université Paris Sciences et Lettres</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">PSL</orgName>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>60 rue Mazarine 75006 Paris</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.psl.eu/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-99539" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">026374889</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/02d9dg697</idno>
          <orgName>École des hautes études en sciences sociales</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">EHESS</orgName>
          <date type="start">1975-01-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>54, boulevard Raspail 75006 Paris</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.ehess.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-301545" status="OLD">
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/02nwvxz07</idno>
          <orgName>École nationale des ponts et chaussées</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">ENPC</orgName>
          <date type="start">1747-02-14</date>
          <date type="end">2024-12-31</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>École nationale des ponts et chaussées, 6-8 avenue Blaise-Pascal, Cité Descartes, Champs-sur-Marne, 77455 Marne-la-Vallée cedex 2</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://ecoledesponts.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-577435" status="VALID">
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/003vg9w96</idno>
          <orgName>Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">INRAE</orgName>
          <date type="start">2020-01-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
      </listOrg>
    </back>
  </text>
</TEI>