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              <p>L’émergence du concept de ville « intelligente » au début des années 2000 a fait suite à une technologisation de la ville et de ses différents espaces, permettant la multiplication d’outils numériques, l’automatisation de la gestion des infrastructures, l’amélioration de la qualité des services urbains, augmentant considérablement le nombre de puces et de capteurs dans l’espace urbain. Parallèlement à cela, le nombre de téléphones « intelligents », d’applications et d’écrans a lui aussi augmenté, multipliant les dispositifs numériques grâce auxquels les utilisateurs sont à même de laisser des traces numériques, des plus banales aux plus intimes et privées, en rapport avec leurs déplacements, leurs transactions et leurs achats en ligne, leur historique internet… Par leur efficacité, toutes ces technologies numériques sont à même de générer de puissants dispositifs de contrôle et de surveillance.. The concept of the « Smart » city appeared in the early 2000s, following the technological development of the city and its different spaces. This development has since allowed the multiplication of digital tools, the automation of the infrastructure management and it has improved the quality of the urban services. As a result, the presence of electronic chips and sensors in the urban space has increased in a significant way. Simultaneously, the number of “smart” phones, apps and screens has also increased. This has led to the development of a variety of digital devices with which users are likely to leave a digital footprint, from the most trivial one, to the most personal and confidential, related to their travels, transactions, online purchases, browsing history… Because of their effectiveness, all of these digital technologies are now able to produce powerful surveillance and control devices.</p>
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