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            <title xml:lang="en">Christian waqf in Europe About mortmain in Christian lands</title>
            <title xml:lang="fr">Le waqf des roumis De la main-morte en pays chrétien</title>
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            <idno type="halRefHtml">&lt;i&gt;Al'Ibar. Journal of Historial and Archeological Studies in North Africa&lt;/i&gt;, 2025, 8 (N° spécial n° 2. "The roles of waqf foundations in urban and rural buildings on the basis of their documents), pp.121-151</idno>
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                <title xml:lang="en">Christian waqf in Europe About mortmain in Christian lands</title>
                <title xml:lang="fr">Le waqf des roumis De la main-morte en pays chrétien</title>
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                    <forename type="first">Jean-Pierre</forename>
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                  <publisher>University of Tiaret (Algeria)</publisher>
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                <term xml:lang="en">Mortmain</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Western Europe</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Church history</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Social History</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Europe de l'ouest</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Histoire de l'Eglise Waqf</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Main morte</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Waqf</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Histoire</term>
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              <p>The waqf is not linked by essence to Islam. Many societies elaborated similar tools for the management of landed property, financial assets and real estate. All Christian societies of Western Europe, at least from the XIth to the XVIIIth century, did it. They invented a huge variety of legal instruments to manage property on the basis of perpetual stability. European civil law even created a specific legal concept, "mortmain" to encompass them all as a unique object in spite of their variety. We describe a class of mortmain linked to the Church, very similar to islamic waqf, but also a laicized mortmain, backed by civil law and the state. We call for a renewed approach of the waqf, putting in perspective the religious side of the question. Mortmain, whatever its form and justifying vehicle, is an almost universal figure, far above religious frontiers.</p>
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              <p>Le waqf n'est pas une institution uniquement islamique. De nombreuses sociétés ont pratiqué des formes d'appropriation semblables, à commencer par les sociétés chrétienne de l'ouest de l'Europe. Elles les classaient sous une catégorie juridique abstraite, la main morte. Nous dressons un tableau synthétique de la pratique de la main morte en Angleterre, France, Espagne et Italie de la fin du moyen âge à son abolition au XIXe siècle. Nous décrivons une main morte liée à l'Eglise, très semblable au waqf dans ses formes et ses conséquences; mais aussi une main morte civile, adossée non pas à la religion, mais au droit laïque et à l'Etat. Nous montrons que l'institution a joué un rôle structural capital dans la vie des élites des pays concernés. Nous appelons à porter sur le waqf un regard qui relativise la perspective religieuse, car le phénomène semble quasiment universel et transcende en tout cas les frontières religieuses</p>
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