We provide an extensive theoretical overview of the rich array of effects that migration out of Arab Mediterranean Countries can produce on their labor markets and a review of the existing empirical evidence. Migration is found to reduce unemployment, but it exerts little to no effect on participation rates, because of the cultural resistance to a more active female engagement, and because of the positive income effect brought about by remittances. Furthermore, the brain drain is found to be a serious concern for some Arab Mediterranean Countries (AMCs), while other countries stand to benefit from skilled migration. While relevant knowledge gaps remain, the value-added of this paper is represented by the layout of a broad analytical framework to systematize the findings for future research.