In his inaugural address to the intercity meeting of the Rotary Club held in Qingdao in August 1935, the famous diplomat and Rotary official Wang Zhengting identified three essential factors to make the movement successful in China: native membership, native leadership, and native literature. This program exemplified the challenges raised by the Chinese participation in the emerging American-shaped global capitalism through one of its most emblematic institutions in the first half of the 20th century—the Rotary Club. Founded in Chicago in 1905, the Rotary Club was introduced in China in 1919. As in the United States, its initial purpose was to enable business and professional men to socialize and legitimize their position through promoting higher business standards and devising a new ethics of public service. After the first club was established by foreign residents in Shanghai, the movement spread rapidly throughout the country...