The Serra da Capivara region in northeastern Brazil contains several archaeolog-ical sites that have yielded human skeletal remains. Compared to other regions ofBrazil, these sites have produced a smaller number of human skeletons (i.e., 3 to 4individuals). However, the human fossil record of the region, especially thatwhich is not associated with pottery, remains as yet inadequately investigated.Here we present a comprehensive review of previously-collected, non-pottery-associated human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara. Additionally, wereport on newly recovered human skeletons from recent excavations at thePedrinho and of Toca da Barra da Janela do Antonião sites in the region. Currentdates for these skeletal remains derive from associated materials, as efforts toobtain direct radiocarbon dates on the bones have proved unsuccessful due tothe lack of bone collagen. The current understanding that the region was occu-pied for several thousands of years makes it difficult to define valid operationaltaxonomic units. While attempts for the extraction of ancient DNA remain thus farunproductive, future efforts should focus more on improving the estimates ofantiquity for the skeletons.