In recent years, the adaptation of transport infrastructure has emerged as a major issue on the agenda of all international organizations. However, it is urgent to clarify the transport needs which will arise by 2050 within the context of climate change. Indeed, the notion of adaptation is ambiguous. For too long, there has been an implicit assumption that adapting infrastructure networks and systems to growing needs means accommodating transport demand with increased capacity. As highlighted in IPCC reports, concerns have multiplied regarding the limitations of the conventional approach to adapting infrastructure. There is a need to extend beyond this narrow understanding and adopt a broader perspective. This broader perspective would underpin an ambitious adaptation agenda, supporting a holistic approach to transport infrastructure, including climate policy goals and wider socio-ecological objectives.