The Discourse Functions of Mojeño Trinitario Classifiers in Verbs
Résumé
Mojeño Trinitario, an Arawak language of Bolivia, has a set of 31 classifier suffixes that generally express an abstract meaning, most often about shape. They are found in multiple environments (on numerals, nouns, adjectives and in verbs), as is typical of “multiple classifier systems” (Aikhenvald 2000). The data examined consist of 8 hours of natural, first-hand textual data. Classifiers are not obligatory but frequent: they are present in about 38% of utterances, and half of them are found on verbs. They categorize either the S of an intransitive verb or the P of a transitive verb, as is typical for verbal classifiers, but surprisingly they may also categorize an adjunct.
This talk will focus on the discourse functions of classifiers found in verbs. Following Contini-Morava and Kilarski (2013), this paper examines the extent to which the Mojeño Trinitario verbal classifiers display the following discourse functions: reference management, referent identification, and re-presentation of referents.
Reference management
Payne (1987) asserts that "the primary function of a noun classification system may be related to discourse level participant reference." In Mojeño Trinitario narratives, classifiers co-occur with an associated noun phrase to foreground a referent. This can be done either to introduce a new participant, or to remention a ‘old’ participant. Second, noun phrases can be omitted for anaphoric discourse reasons. Verbal classifiers can therefore occur without an associated noun phrase. In Mojeño Trinitario, about 80% of the 70 verbal classifiers occur without an associated noun phrase. This pattern has the function discussed by Mithun (1986) of anaphorically mentioning a ‘given’ participant that is ‘old information’, but it also often serves to introduce of a new non-topical participant. This section on reference management is supported by counts on average referential distance, à la Givón (1983).
Referent identification
In the absence of an associated noun phrase, the classifier participates in referent retrieval in three manners. First, the referent can be inferred on the preceding discourse. This includes straightforward cases of anaphora, but also cases without overt antecedents, whene there referent is inferred from the siatution within the discourse, or from metonymy (often meronymy). Second, the retrieval of a referent can be exophoric, i.e. located deictically in the speech event. Third, a referent can be retrieved either as a ‘kind’ of entity, defined by the characteristics typically associated with the classifier (e.g. -e ‘liquid’ is often interpreted as ‘a body of water’), or as a prototypical member of the category. This is the process used by consultants in the translation of isolated senetences, in the absence of a specific context.
Re-presentation of referents
The same noun can be categorized in different manners, but even more: within a stretch of discourse, the same referent can be categorized by difeferent classifeirs at different times. Recategorization of a referent within the same discourse occurs either when the physical properties of the referent evolve through time or when the speaker adopts a different perspective on the same referent.
This paper provides a rare comprehensive account of the discourse functions of classifiers in an individual language. These will be discussed and illustrated with a detailed description of examples in their textual context.