The European Renaissance saw a deep renewal of the form and content of prayer. Even before the Reformation (whether Protestant or Catholic), the growing role played by lay people, women and men, in the religious sphere created new forms of worship, developing new practices and new texts. The renewal became even more intense during the 16th and 17th centuries, two centuries defined and devastated by changing confessional identities, but also vitalized by the printing press and confraternal activities. The project intended to study, from a multidisciplinary perspective, the changes which took place in this everyday and universal practice in the early modern period. The results offer an important contribution to knowledge on the topic for two reasons: first, it goes beyond existing studies on prayer, which do not go later than the 15th century and are focused on monastic prayer and books of hours; second, because it took into account under-studied aspects, such as domestic practices, the contributions of women, devotional images, books of prayer, catechisms, and parodies, offering a truly new picture that may suggest much further research. Moreover, having involved scholars who specialise in the fields being studied, the results offer an unparalleled academic contribution on the various topics considered. Contents: I. New Theories and Historical Changes; II. Texts; III. Practices (22 chapters).