The recovery of religious freedom since the democratic transition in 1990 has been followed by a strong religious and especially Buddhist revival. Yet behind the apparent continuity of tradition, religious resurgence appears to involve a transformation in the way people and specialist alike address religion and practice it. Mongolian Buddhist institutions are contrived to adapt to the urbanite new generations of Mongols and are also challenged by modern Tibetan Buddhism and its Western representatives who focus on the spiritual development of individuals and are at odds with the ritualistic approach of local Buddhists.