The Kotoko languages belong to the Central branch of Chadic. They are spoken mainly in Cameroon, but also in Chad and Nigeria. In these languages, there are two groups of verbs which are obligatorily accompanied by an unmarked (or direct) circumstancial adjunct. A further group of verbs, much more numerous, is accompanied by an obligatory indirect (marked by a preposition) circumstancial adjunct. In some contexts (after topicalization and focalisation), the function of the obligatory circumstant is assumed by a specialised pronoun.