Iraqis in exile. Transnational circulation from the Middle East to Sweden.
Résumé
In this presentation I will analyse current Iraqi migration towards Sweden with a long term perspective (from themid-1970s) that aims to show the logic of construction and development of transnational migrant networks in the context of a protracted conflict. Forms of solidarity between the different Iraqi migratory waves (Iran - Iraq war, the first Gulf War in 1991 and fall of Saddam Hussein post-2003) are constrained by the tightening of immigration policies and the diversification of migrant's backgrounds. Earlier migratory networks are reactivated while some new migrants are totally disconnected from the diaspora because of their socio-economic or religious background. This presentation will explore relation between asylum and cross-border migratory circulation. Even in highly contraint context, such as war, mobility strongly depends on access to resources. This presentation is based on twenty interviews with migrants and refugees from Iraq in Beirut and Stockholm, as well as observations in their main areas of residences in the two capitals in 2011 and 2012. Similar fieldwork have been done in Damascus (2006-2010). This multi-situated research aims to trace the migration routes of Iraqis, articulating the roles played by transit countries and a final destination country. Modes of construction of transnational networks are analyzed, incorporating a temporal dimension that allows to understand the different waves of migration from the 1980s to post-2003.