This chapter describes the historical development of the educational systems in the Maghreb countries (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Mauritania) from independence until the present. This is followed by a detailed description of education in Morocco with special attention to the different waves of reform in science education, school organization, and teacher education. In addition, the organizational structures within which science education research is conducted as well science education research trends are presented, discussed, and related to the needs of the country and the international research environment.