Marie-Galante Island (Guadeloupe, French West-Indies) has recently been the object of several paleontological investigations in order to characterize the evolution of its terrestrial vertebrate paleobiodiversity during the last 40 000 years. This paper consists in a synthesis these recently obtained results obtained by crossed studies of several large vertebrate fossil assemblages (mammal, bird, squamate, and amphibian) collected in Late Pleistocene and Holocene deposits. Our work reveals a previously inconspicuous now-extinct Pleistocene and Holocene vertebrate biodiversity. We observed that this past diversity was recently modified to become very different from what it is nowadays. Indeed, while a small number of extinction or extirpation events can be related to the Pleistocene-Holocene climatic transition, the faunal community of the island is nearly completely modified during the last millenaries. These modifications include the arrival of several exogenous taxa, and an extinction/extirpation rate of native species between 54% and 100% depending of taxa. Our results suggest that human impact was the main factor driving the evolution of the island terrestrial faunal diversity. We also demonstrate a possible impact of Pre-Columbian human populations on the faunal diversity of Marie-Galante Island which however remains minor in respect to the overwhelming modifications possibly related to the European colonization and subsequent anthropization of the island.