Nowadays, PhDs transition from thesis to labor market is a great issue in major developed countries. Historically, the main labor output of these high qualified workers used to be academic sector and more generally Higher Education. Competition between countries, development of knowledge society all around the world have change the role of PhDs and give new challenges to doctoral education. In fact, now, society expects that PhDs integrate Higher Education but also private sector and firms. This goal is also enhance by the fact that there is now a high and international competition in access to permanent positions in academic sector leading to chaotic professional transition from doctorate to labor market. Comparing two national experiences in France and in Japan and using two original statistic dataset, researchers from NISTEP and CEREQ demonstrate these evidences in an international perspective. If Japanese PhDs have fewer difficulties find a job than those from France, both graduates are concerned with fixed terms contracts in their early career and low penetration in private organizations.