Inequality in mortality between Black and White Americans by age, place, and cause and in comparison to Europe, 1990 to 2018
Hannes Schwandt
(1, 2)
,
Janet Currie
(3, 2)
,
Marlies Bär
(4)
,
James Banks
(5, 6)
,
Paola Bertoli
(7)
,
Aline Bütikofer
(8)
,
Sarah Cattan
(9)
,
Beatrice Zong-Ying Chao
(1)
,
Claudia Costa
(10)
,
Libertad González
(11)
,
Veronica Grembi
(12)
,
Kristiina Huttunen
(13)
,
René Karadakic
(14)
,
Lucy Kraftman
(9)
,
Sonya Krutikova
(9)
,
Stefano Lombardi
(15)
,
Peter Redler
(16)
,
Carlos Riumallo-Herl
(17)
,
Ana Rodríguez-González
(18)
,
Kjell Salvanes
(14)
,
Paula Santana
(10)
,
Josselin Thuilliez
(19, 20)
,
Eddy van Doorslaer
(21)
,
Tom van Ourti
(21)
,
Joachim Winter
(16)
,
Bram Wouterse
(21)
,
Amelie Wuppermann
(22)
1
Northwestern University [Evanston]
2 NBER - National Bureau of Economic Research [New York]
3 Princeton University
4 Erasmus School of Health Policy and Management |Rotterdam]
5 University of Manchester [Manchester]
6 Institute for Fiscal Studies
7 UNIVR - Università degli studi di Verona = University of Verona
8 NHH - Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Department of Economics
9 IFS - The Institute for Fiscal Studies
10 UC - University of Coimbra [Portugal]
11 UPF - Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona]
12 Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods University of Milano-Bicocca
13 Aalto University
14 Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration
15 VATT - Government Institute for Economic Research, Helsinki
16 LMU - Ludwig Maximilian University [Munich] = Ludwig Maximilians Universität München
17 Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam
18 Skane University Hospital [Lund]
19 CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne
20 CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
21 Erasmus University Rotterdam
22 Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg
2 NBER - National Bureau of Economic Research [New York]
3 Princeton University
4 Erasmus School of Health Policy and Management |Rotterdam]
5 University of Manchester [Manchester]
6 Institute for Fiscal Studies
7 UNIVR - Università degli studi di Verona = University of Verona
8 NHH - Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Department of Economics
9 IFS - The Institute for Fiscal Studies
10 UC - University of Coimbra [Portugal]
11 UPF - Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona]
12 Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods University of Milano-Bicocca
13 Aalto University
14 Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration
15 VATT - Government Institute for Economic Research, Helsinki
16 LMU - Ludwig Maximilian University [Munich] = Ludwig Maximilians Universität München
17 Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam
18 Skane University Hospital [Lund]
19 CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne
20 CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
21 Erasmus University Rotterdam
22 Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg
Hannes Schwandt
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 795515
- ORCID : 0000-0003-0298-5037
Janet Currie
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 795514
- ORCID : 0000-0002-9220-9113
Paola Bertoli
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 809290
- ORCID : 0000-0001-8818-4243
Beatrice Zong-Ying Chao
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 809291
- ORCID : 0000-0003-0945-7974
Claudia Costa
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 809292
- ORCID : 0000-0002-7422-6139
René Karadakic
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 809293
- ORCID : 0000-0002-3219-014X
Stefano Lombardi
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 809294
- ORCID : 0000-0001-9100-9331
Ana Rodríguez-González
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 809295
- ORCID : 0000-0001-8395-2282
Paula Santana
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 763646
- ORCID : 0000-0002-7658-8475
Josselin Thuilliez
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 6560
- IdHAL : jthuilliez
- ORCID : 0000-0001-5392-0917
- IdRef : 114620164
Eddy van Doorslaer
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 784750
- ORCID : 0000-0003-2692-1433
- IdRef : 032525842
Tom van Ourti
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 809296
- ORCID : 0000-0003-0110-770X
Joachim Winter
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 809297
- ORCID : 0000-0003-2460-619X
Résumé
Although there is a large gap between Black and White American life expectancies, the gap fell 48.9% between 1990 and 2018, mainly due to mortality declines among Black Americans. We examine age-specific mortality trends and racial gaps in life expectancy in high- and low-income US areas and with reference to six European countries.
Inequalities in life expectancy are starker in the United States than in Europe. In 1990, White Americans and Europeans in high-income areas had similar overall life expectancy, while life expectancy for White Americans in low-income areas was lower. However, since then, even high-income White Americans have lost ground relative to Europeans. Meanwhile, the gap in life expectancy between Black Americans and Europeans decreased by 8.3%.
Black American life expectancy increased more than White American life expectancy in all US areas, but improvements in lower-income areas had the greatest impact on the racial life expectancy gap. The causes that contributed the most to Black Americans’ mortality reductions included cancer, homicide, HIV, and causes originating in the fetal or infant period.
Life expectancy for both Black and White Americans plateaued or slightly declined after 2012, but this stalling was most evident among Black Americans even prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. If improvements had continued at the 1990 to 2012 rate, the racial gap in life expectancy would have closed by 2036. European life expectancy also stalled after 2014. Still, the comparison with Europe suggests that mortality rates of both Black and White Americans could fall much further across all ages and in both high-income and low-income areas.
Domaines
Economies et financesFormat du dépôt | Notice |
---|---|
Type de dépôt | Pré-publication, Document de travail |
Titre |
en
Inequality in mortality between Black and White Americans by age, place, and cause and in comparison to Europe, 1990 to 2018
|
Résumé |
en
Although there is a large gap between Black and White American life expectancies, the gap fell 48.9% between 1990 and 2018, mainly due to mortality declines among Black Americans. We examine age-specific mortality trends and racial gaps in life expectancy in high- and low-income US areas and with reference to six European countries.
Inequalities in life expectancy are starker in the United States than in Europe. In 1990, White Americans and Europeans in high-income areas had similar overall life expectancy, while life expectancy for White Americans in low-income areas was lower. However, since then, even high-income White Americans have lost ground relative to Europeans. Meanwhile, the gap in life expectancy between Black Americans and Europeans decreased by 8.3%.
Black American life expectancy increased more than White American life expectancy in all US areas, but improvements in lower-income areas had the greatest impact on the racial life expectancy gap. The causes that contributed the most to Black Americans’ mortality reductions included cancer, homicide, HIV, and causes originating in the fetal or infant period.
Life expectancy for both Black and White Americans plateaued or slightly declined after 2012, but this stalling was most evident among Black Americans even prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. If improvements had continued at the 1990 to 2012 rate, the racial gap in life expectancy would have closed by 2036. European life expectancy also stalled after 2014. Still, the comparison with Europe suggests that mortality rates of both Black and White Americans could fall much further across all ages and in both high-income and low-income areas.
|
Auteur(s) |
Hannes Schwandt
1, 2
, Janet Currie
3, 2
, Marlies Bär
4
, James Banks
5, 6
, Paola Bertoli
7
, Aline Bütikofer
8
, Sarah Cattan
9
, Beatrice Zong-Ying Chao
1
, Claudia Costa
10
, Libertad González
11
, Veronica Grembi
12
, Kristiina Huttunen
13
, René Karadakic
14
, Lucy Kraftman
9
, Sonya Krutikova
9
, Stefano Lombardi
15
, Peter Redler
16
, Carlos Riumallo-Herl
17
, Ana Rodríguez-González
18
, Kjell Salvanes
14
, Paula Santana
10
, Josselin Thuilliez
19, 20
, Eddy van Doorslaer
21
, Tom van Ourti
21
, Joachim Winter
16
, Bram Wouterse
21
, Amelie Wuppermann
22
1
Northwestern University [Evanston]
( 133711 )
- 633 Clark Street, Evanston, IL 60208 Evanston
- États-Unis
2
NBER -
National Bureau of Economic Research [New York]
( 160932 )
- Branch Office NBER New York
5 Hanover Square
16th Floor, Suite 1602
New York, NY 10004-2630
- États-Unis
3
Princeton University
( 46584 )
- Princeton, NJ 08544 USA
- États-Unis
4
Erasmus School of Health Policy and Management |Rotterdam]
( 556394 )
- Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, 3062 PA Rotterdam, Pays-Bas
- Pays-Bas
5
University of Manchester [Manchester]
( 121172 )
- Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL
- Royaume-Uni
6
Institute for Fiscal Studies
( 243604 )
- Royaume-Uni
7
UNIVR -
Università degli studi di Verona = University of Verona
( 542958 )
- Università degli Studi di Verona,
Via dell'Artigliere, 8 -
37129, Verona
- Italie
8
NHH -
Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Department of Economics
( 89506 )
- Bergen
- Norvège
9
IFS -
The Institute for Fiscal Studies
( 153037 )
- 7 Ridgmount Street London WC1E 7AE
- Royaume-Uni
10
UC -
University of Coimbra [Portugal]
( 300567 )
- Portugal
11
UPF -
Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona]
( 128785 )
- Plaça de la Mercè, 10-12 - 08002 Barcelona
- Espagne
12
Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods University of Milano-Bicocca
( 439305 )
- Piazza dell’Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
- Italie
13
Aalto University
( 360464 )
- P.O. Box 11000, FI-00076 Aalto
- Finlande
14
Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration
( 50806 )
- Norvège
15
VATT -
Government Institute for Economic Research, Helsinki
( 18684 )
- Finlande
16
LMU -
Ludwig Maximilian University [Munich] = Ludwig Maximilians Universität München
( 460393 )
- Professor-Huber-Platz 2, 80539 München, Allemagne
- Allemagne
17
Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam
( 243676 )
- P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Pays-Bas
18
Skane University Hospital [Lund]
( 344927 )
- Getingevägen 4, 222 41 Lund
- Suède
19
CES -
Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne
( 15080 )
- Maison des Sciences Économiques - 106-112 Boulevard de l'Hôpital - 75647 Paris Cedex 13
- France
20
CNRS -
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
( 441569 )
- France
21
Erasmus University Rotterdam
( 485122 )
- Pays-Bas
22
Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg
( 300827 )
- Universitätsplatz 10, 06108 Halle (Saale)
- Allemagne
|
Langue du document |
Anglais
|
Commentaire |
NBER Working Paper No. 29203, September 2021
|
Date de production/écriture |
2021
|
Domaine(s) |
|
Mots-clés (JEL) |
|
Financement |
|
DOI | 10.3386/w29203 |
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