The city of Kūfa, the birthplace of Shi‘ism and a center of debates about the delegation of divine powers (tafwīḍ)
Résumé
The city of Kūfa, which can be considered as the birthplace of Shi‘ism, was in the first centuries of Islam the center of debates about tafwīḍ, the delegation by God of His powers to His first creature — the Prophet, the Imam or Christ, all preexistent to the creation of the world — or, in a more restricted form limited to human actions, to whole mankind. These debates went beyond the doctrinal borders between sects and movements, as they were fixed by heresiographers and the different Islamic orthodoxies that were progressively established. Our enquiry deals with Shī‘īs of all convictions — Imāmīs, Zaydīs, Ismā‘īlīs, Nuṣayrīs and other ghulāt — Khārijites, Mu‘tazilīs and Sunnis, but also Karaite Jews, all sharing similar doctrines of delegation, in an attempt to overcome the dangers of a strict monotheism
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