In 1979, Ilya Prigogine and Isabelle Stengers published a bestseller book in French, La Nouvelle Alliance. Métamorphose de la science (Gallimard), mainly about philosophy and history of physics. This book, translated in English in 1984 as Order out of Chaos. Man’s New Dialogue with Nature (Bantam Books), is both dense and complex, and includes rigorous technical developments. I will show that this book may be understood as an attempt to replace Newtonian science by a supposedly more complete Prigoginian science and finally to promote Prigogine’s thermodynamics as a new foundation for physics.