As the stock dwindled and was less re-provisioned from declining Western Roman mints in fifth century, Africans under the Vandals resorted to imperial gold increasingly derived from the East and to local issues of silver and bronze coins, in a complex mix of pseudo-imperial, regal, and at times anonymous issues. Contrary to Asia Minor where provincial coinage had lasted into the early third century, Africa had no such coinage after the early first century ce and depended mainly on mint of Rome for its coin supply with the sestertius surviving longer there than it had north of the Mediterranean. The peculiarity of the Vandal system lies in the ubiquity of marks of value on silver and copper coins. As happened later with Justinian's reconquest of the Ostrogothic kingdom, continuity prevailed in the monetary sphere. The peculiarities of the Vandal monetary system were retained, and it was Byzantine system that adapted itself to the existing one.