A Typographical Ancien Régime: Manuscript Culture, Graphic Society, and Ottoman Turkish Punctuation
Résumé
In contrast to political and cultural perspectives that focus on the limitations and obstacles surrounding the emergence of printing in the Ottoman Empire, this article proposes a technical and graphic analysis of typographical operations. Moving beyond a historiographical approach centered on the failures of cultural modernization, the comparative study of typographical characters and punctuation marks paves the way for a combined history of print and manuscript. Focusing on textual vitalities reveals deep convergences between calligraphic productions, typographical experiments, and the advent of lithography. It also relates the work of the typographer to the actions of the hand, the activities of the publisher to the author’s production, and the printing of the dies to the strokes of the pen. Punctuation is a field of innovation that, in its evolving modalities, proposed new insertions, creations, and hybridizations that contributed to the development of Ottoman graphic society: scribes, copyists, and scholars, but also publishers, typographers, and printers produced texts according to a manuscript culture, technical constraints, and characters specific to the Ottoman Turkish language. A technical approach to all forms of written production thus opens up a new domain of study: a histoire croisée of language and texts.
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