Rise and Fall of an Egyptian Oasis: Artesian Flow, Irrigation Soils, and Historical Agricultural Development in El-Deir, Kharga Depression, Western Desert of Egypt
Jean-Paul Bravard
(1)
,
Ashraf Mostafa
,
Romain J. Garcier
(1)
,
Gaëlle Tallet
(2)
,
Pascale Ballet
(3)
,
Yaël Chevalier
,
Hervé Tronchère
(1)
Ashraf Mostafa
- Fonction : Auteur
Romain J. Garcier
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 7213
- IdHAL : rjgarcier
- ORCID : 0000-0003-4997-4490
- IdRef : 056182902
Gaëlle Tallet
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 9755
- IdHAL : gaelle-tallet
- ORCID : 0000-0003-4375-1050
- IdRef : 119250713
Yaël Chevalier
- Fonction : Auteur
Hervé Tronchère
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 8652
- IdHAL : herve-tronchere
- IdRef : 154483877
Résumé
The present study examines the geoarchaeological history of an oasis in Kharga Depression in central Egypt. El-Deir is renowned for its Ptolemaic temple and Roman fortress on the road from former Hibis (Kharga) to the Nile Valley. During the survey, spring mounds and irrigation soils belonging to an ancient agricultural zone were discovered, and further documented by ceramics found on the site. Our methodology combines the geomorphological interpretation of landforms (especially yardangs) with ceramics and 14C-dated charcoal to distinguish and date former agricultural areas in El-Deir. The results show that the oasis experienced several phases of soil accretion and destruction through time. Playa sediments were deposited in the humid early Holocene and severely eroded by deflation before the onset of irrigated agriculture between Pharaonic and Persian times. Very fast vertical soil accretion occurred in the Ptolemaic period, but irrigation soils were later destroyed during the Roman period by a combination of wind deflation and flash floods (second to fourth century A.D.), suggesting a period of climate instability. The case of El-Deir invites reevaluation of constructive agencies for the development of irrigated land and destructive agencies as limiting factors for the sustainability of agricultural practices in late antiquity.
Format du dépôt | Notice |
---|---|
Type de dépôt | Article dans une revue |
Titre |
en
Rise and Fall of an Egyptian Oasis: Artesian Flow, Irrigation Soils, and Historical Agricultural Development in El-Deir, Kharga Depression, Western Desert of Egypt
|
Résumé |
en
The present study examines the geoarchaeological history of an oasis in Kharga Depression in central Egypt. El-Deir is renowned for its Ptolemaic temple and Roman fortress on the road from former Hibis (Kharga) to the Nile Valley. During the survey, spring mounds and irrigation soils belonging to an ancient agricultural zone were discovered, and further documented by ceramics found on the site. Our methodology combines the geomorphological interpretation of landforms (especially yardangs) with ceramics and 14C-dated charcoal to distinguish and date former agricultural areas in El-Deir. The results show that the oasis experienced several phases of soil accretion and destruction through time. Playa sediments were deposited in the humid early Holocene and severely eroded by deflation before the onset of irrigated agriculture between Pharaonic and Persian times. Very fast vertical soil accretion occurred in the Ptolemaic period, but irrigation soils were later destroyed during the Roman period by a combination of wind deflation and flash floods (second to fourth century A.D.), suggesting a period of climate instability. The case of El-Deir invites reevaluation of constructive agencies for the development of irrigated land and destructive agencies as limiting factors for the sustainability of agricultural practices in late antiquity.
|
Auteur(s) |
Jean-Paul Bravard
1
, Ashraf Mostafa
, Romain J. Garcier
1
, Gaëlle Tallet
2
, Pascale Ballet
3
, Yaël Chevalier
, Hervé Tronchère
1
1
EVS -
Environnement, Ville, Société
( 145345 )
- 18 Rue Chevreul
69362 LYON CEDEX 07
UMR 5600
- France
2
CRIHAM [Poitiers] -
Centre de recherches interdisciplinaires en histoire, histoire de l'art et musicologie [EA 4270]
( 185361 )
- 8 rue René Descartes – BP 803 – 86022 Poitiers Cedex
- France
3
HeRMA [Poitiers] -
Hellénisation et romanisation dans le monde antique [EA 3811]
( 148535 )
- Faculté des Sciences Humaines et Arts – Hôtel Fumé – 8 rue René Descartes – Bâtiment E15 – TSA 81118 – 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9
- France
|
Langue du document |
Anglais
|
Nom de la revue |
|
Vulgarisation |
Non
|
Comité de lecture |
Oui
|
Audience |
Internationale
|
Date de publication |
2016-06-14
|
Volume |
31
|
Numéro |
6
|
Page/Identifiant |
467-186
|
Domaine(s) |
|
Financement |
|
Projet(s) ANR |
|
Mots-clés |
en
Egypt, oasis, irrigation, land, water
|
DOI | 10.1002/gea.21566 |
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