Remonstrance in a Declining Empire: The Case of Chen Fan, Minister to Emperors Huan and Ling of the Eastern Han Dynasty
Résumé
Chen Fan 陳蕃 was deeply involved in the political conflicts during the reign of Emperors Huan 桓帝 and Ling 靈帝, mainly by writing memorials of remonstrance, which were transmitted in his biography included in Fan Ye’s 范曄 ‘Hou Han shu’ 後漢書. Chen Fan’s writings especially illustrate the publicity and harsh style of the remonstrance as a performance, and the tragic failure of this specific political practice at the end of the Eastern Han dynasty. After a general contextualization of political communication and its issues in the Eastern Han period, I present each of the eight remonstrances compiled in the biography in order to characterise Chen Fan’s specific style, as well as the way in which the historian, Fan Ye, presents them, notably by noting in detail the reactions and the consequences of each remonstrance. Then I study the resonances of these remonstrances, which are not isolated pieces of political literature, but relate to each other, whether they are contemporaneous, or of different periods.
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